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BIOCHEM-700 CONCEPTS OF BIOCHEMISTRY 3(3-0)
Learning Objectives By the end of this course students will be able to: 1. Understand the basic principles and topics of Biochemistry. 2. Acquire specialized and advanced concepts of biochemistry and related fields. 3. Understand metabolism of biomolecules and vitamin needed for metabolism. 4. Learn basics knowledge of emerging fields in biochemistry.
Theory Introduction to Biochemistry and its applications in applied sciences; Classification of cellular organism; Biological membranes: Structure and functions; Overview of metabolic pathways; Enzymes and hormones and their importance in metabolism; Roles of vitamins and minerals in biological system; Glycobiology, glyco-conjugates and their applications; Concept of probiotics and prebiotics; Photosynthesis: Cyclic and non-cyclic electron transport in light reaction, dark reaction, C3, C4 and CAM plants; Secondary plant metabolites and their significance; Molecular Structure of nucleic acids, flow of genetic information; Post transcriptional and post translational modifications; Protein folding and misfolding, protein targeting; Introduction to gene cloning, genetic engineering and genetically modified organisms; Proteomics, genomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics; Introduction to nanobiotechnology and its applications.
Suggested Readings 1. Chatterjea, M. N. and R. Shinde. 2019. Textbook of Medical Biochemistry. 9th Ed (Indian Edition). Jaypee Brothers, Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, New Delhi, India. 2. Hyland, N., Stanton, C. 2016. The Gut-Brain Axis. 1st Ed. Academic Press. New York, USA 3. Nelson, D.L and M.M. Cox. 2021. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. 8th Ed. Worth Publishers, New York, USA. 4. Taiz, L. and E. Zeiger. 2015. Plant Physiology. 6th Ed. Sinauer Associates Inc., New York, USA. 5. Voet, D., J.G. Voet, and C.W. Pratt. 2016. Fundamentals of Biochemistry, Life at the Molecular Level. 5th Ed. John Wiley & Sons. Inc. New York, USA. 6. Weaver, R. F. 2012. Molecular Biology. 5th Ed. McGraw Hill Higher Education, New York, USA. |
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BIOCHEM-701 ADVANCED PLANT BIOCHEMISTRY 3(3-0)
Learning Objectives By the end of this course students will be able to: 1. Learn the advanced knowledge of molecular organization of plant cell, its components and organelles 2. Know the in-depth knowledge of photosynthesis and synthesis of secondary metabolites 3. Medicinal Plants and its bioactive components will be discussed to know the importance 4. Understand Plant defence mechanisms and diagnosis of plant infections.
Theory Plant cell: cell theory, endosymbiotic theory, components of plant cell, cell wall and its components; Degradation of plant cell wall, cytoskeleton; Photosynthesis: light and dark reactions, alternate pathways in plants, C3, C4 and CAM plants; Photosynthetic organisms; photosynthetic pigments; Chlorophyll biosynthesis and degradation; Photoinhibition in plants; Control of gene expression in plants, signal transduction in plants; Chemistry and biosynthesis of plant hormones; Second messengers: mode of action and significance; Molecular mechanism of programmed cell death; Plant defenses mechanisms against plant pathogens; ELISA and other techniques for diagnosis of plant diseases; Anti-cancer, antidiabetic, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective and antimicrobial plants; Antioxidants from plants; biosynthesis and mode of action.
Suggested Readings 1. Bowsher, C. and A. Tobin. 2021. Plant Biochemistry. 2nd Ed. Garland Science Publishers. Boca Raton, Florida, USA.2. Buchanan, B.B., W. Gruissem and R. L. Jones. 2021. Biochemistry & Molecular Biology of Plants. John Wiley & Sons. Inc., New York, USA. 3. Goodwin, T.W. and E.I. Mercer. 2005. Introduction to Plant Biochemistry. 2nd Ed. CBS Publishers and Distributors. New Delhi, India. 4. Heldt, H.W. and B. Piechulla. 2021. Plant Biochemistry. 5th Ed. Academic Press. New York, USA 5. Lim, T.K. 2014. Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants: Modified Stems, Roots, Bulbs. Springer-Verlag Publishers, New York, USA. 7. Taiz, L. and E. Zeiger. 2015. Plant Physiology. 6th Ed. Sinauer Associates Inc., New York, USA. 6. Recent Reviews and Research Papers. |
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BIOCHEM-702 BIOCHEMICAL REGULATORS 2(2-0)
Learning objectives By the end of this course students will be able to: 1. Understand the structures, classification, chemistry, properties and mechanisms of action of major hormones 2. Get the knowledge of signal transduction, second messengers and signal terminations 3. Demonstrate knowledge regarding crosstalk and interrelationships of signaling systems and hormones 4. Understand the role of bio-signaling in cell cycle and apoptosis.
Theory Introduction, characteristics of hormones and receptors; Major endocrine systems and their target tissues; Classification, chemistry and functions of various hormones; Synthesis, mechanism of release and action of hormones; Cytokines, growth factors and their functions; Plasma membrane and intracellular receptors; Molecular mechanisms of signal transduction, role of G-proteins, second messengers (cAMP, cGMP, Ca2+, DAG and IP3) and their role in regulation; Termination of signal transduction; Cross talk among signaling systems; Physiological functions; Brief overview of signaling in microbes; Regulation of cell cycle and apoptosis.
Suggested Readings 1. Barret, K.E., S.M. Barman, S. Boitano and H. Brooks. 2019. Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology. 26th Ed. McGraw Hill. New York, USA. 2. Nelson, D.L and M.M. Cox. 2021. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. 8th Ed. WH Freeman & Company, New York, USA. 3. Koolman, J. and K.H. Roehm. 2012. Color Atlas of Biochemistry. 3rd Ed. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany. 4. Rodwell, V.W., R.K. Murray, D.A. Bender, K.M. Botham, P.J. Kennelly and P.A. Weil. 2021. Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry. 32nd Ed. McGraw Hill. New York, USA. 5. Voet, D., J.G. Voet, and C.W. Pratt. 2016. Fundamentals of Biochemistry, Life at the Molecular Level. 5th Ed. John Wiley & Sons. Inc. New York, USA |
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BIOCHEM-703 RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY AND 3(2-1) GENE MANIPULATION Learning objectives By the end of this course students will be able to: 1. Have basic and recent knowledge about recombinant DNA technology 2. Explain genetic engineering and biotechnology 3. Perform different techniques of recombinant DNA technology 4. Know about basic bioinformatics tools
Theory Introduction to cloning strategies; Isolation of DNA and RNA from living material; Gene Isolation: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and RT-PCR; Introducing recombinant plasmids into suitable host: Tools, enzymes, vectors and hosts; Recombinant selection and characterization; RT-PCR. DNA sequencing; Sanger and Next Generation; Chemical synthesis of Primers and Genes; Probes: synthesis and detection. Cloning in mammalian and plant cells; DNA fingerprinting and its application in forensic sciences. Gene expression: Real-time PCR, reporter genes, fusion proteins, differential-display PCR, microarray, RNA sequencing, in vitro translation; Introduction to proteomics; Antisense RNA technology; CRISPER-CAS technology; Application and uses of genetic engineering in agricultural and biochemical research; Bioinformatics tools for the study of gene structure and function.
Practical Preparation of solutions for molecular biology; Detection and quantitative determination of DNA; Cloning experiments using E. coli as host; Isolation and qualitative detection of plasmid DNA (miniprep.); Digestion of DNA with restriction enzymes and separation of different sized fragments on agarose gel; Study of transformed bacteria on the basis of antibiotic resistance; DNA amplification by polymerase chain reaction; PCR-RFLP.
Suggested Readings 1. Alberts, B., A. Johnson, J. Lewis, D. Morgan, M. Raff, K. Roberts and P. Walter. 2014. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 6th Ed. Garland Sciences. Taylor and Francis Group, New York, USA. 2. Brown, T. A. 2010. Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis: An Introduction, 6th Ed. Wiley-Blackwell, UK. 3. Green M. R., and J. Sambrook. 2012. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. 4th Ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA. 4. Lodish, H., A. Berk, C. A. Kaiser, M. Krieger and A. Bretscher. 2016. Molecular Cell Biology. 8th Ed. Freeman, W. H. and Company. New York, USA. 5. Nelson, D.L and M.M. Cox. 2021. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. 8th Ed. Worth Publishers, New York, USA 6. Weaver, R. F. 2012. Molecular Biology. 5th Ed. McGraw Hill, New York, USA. |
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BIOCHEM-704 BLOOD AND IMMUNOCHEMISTRY 3(3-0)
Learning objectives By the end of this course students will be able to:
Theory Blood composition, structure and functions of formed element in the blood; Haemoglobin: Biomedical importance, Hb variants and haemoglobinopathies; Anemias, haemostasis; Blood groups, blood coagulation and fibrinolytic systems, plasma proteins; their characteristics, clinical importance and functions; Immune systems: chemistry, diversity and functions of immunoglobulins, myeloma and hybridoma, monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies; Humoral and cell mediated immune systems, complement fixation system, leukocytes and macrophages; Abnormalities of immune systems, inflammatory responses; Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS); Biochemistry of interferons and interleukins.
Suggested Readings 2. Barret, K.E., S.M. Barman, S. Boitano and H. Brooks. 2009. Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology. 23rd Ed. McGraw Hill, New York, USA. 3. Blanin, A. and A. Nessar. 2014. Blood Science Principles and Pathology. 1st Ed. Wiley-Blackwell, New Jersey, USA. 4. Chatterjea, M. N. and R. Shinde. 2019. Textbook of Medical Biochemistry. 9th Ed (Indian Edition). Jaypee Brothers, Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, New Delhi, India. 5. Kindt, T.J. R.A. Goldsby, B.A. Osborne and J. Kuby. 2018. Kuby Immunology. 11th Ed. W. H. Freeman, New York, USA. 6. Murray, R.K., D.A. Bender, K. M. Botham, P.J. Kennelly, V.W. Rodwell and P.A. Weil. 2012. Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry. 29th Ed. McGraw Hill, New York, USA. 7. Voet, D., Voet, J.G and C.W. Pratt. 2016. Fundamentals of Biochemistry, Life at the Molecular Level. 5th Ed. John Wiley & Sons. Inc. New York, USA. |
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BIOCHEM-705 ADVANCED BIOCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES 3(1-2)
Learning objectives By the end of this course students will be able to: 1. Learn advancement in the separation sciences 2. Get the advanced knowledge of different bioanalytical techniques 3. Demonstrate practical knowledge regarding advanced techniques applied in life sciences 4. Understand the practical approaches of different advanced bioanalytical tools.
Theory Global Operating Procedures (GOP); Quality controls and quality assurance; Validations of analytical methods; Advanced Chromatographic techniques, modern (HPLC, GC, FPLC) and hyphenated or conjugated (GC-MS, LC-MS) techniques; MALDI-tof, gel electrophoresis. Biosensors, Ultrafiltration and lyophilization. Immunoassays: RIA, ELISA, fluoroimmunoassay, chemiluminescence immunoassay; microarrays; IR spectrometry; Atomic absorption spectrophotometry; NMR, MRI; Electron Microscopy; Bioanalytical approaches for diagnostics and research.
Practical TLC of amino acids/sugars/ natural products; Gel filtration/Ion exchange chromatography of proteins; Gas Chromatography/GC-MS of fatty acids or volatile/aromatic compounds; HPLC/LCMS analysis of compounds; PAGE of proteins; Analysis of metals in plant/ biological fluids by AAS/LIBS; Chemical fingerprint of samples by FTIR; ELISA for disease diagnosis
Suggested Readings 1. Boyer, R. 2012. Modern Experimental Biochemistry. 4th Ed. (LPE). Pearson Education, New Delhi, India. 2. Gault, V.A. and N. H. McClenaghan. 2013. Understanding Bioanalytical Chemistry: Principles and Applications. 2nd Ed. Wiley-Blackwell, Ireland, UK. 3. Gowenlock, A. H., J.R. McMurray and D.M. McLauchlan. 2006. Varley’s Practical Clinical Biochemistry. 6th Ed. CBS Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi, India. 4. Joseph B.L., E.P. Mazzola. 2019. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Introduction to Principles, Applications, and Experimental Methods. 2nd Ed. John Weley and Sons, Hoboken, USA. 5. Sawhney, S.K. and R. Singh. 2014. Introductory Practical Biochemistry. 5th Ed. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, India. 6. Wilson, K. and J. Walker. 2018. Practical Biochemistry: Principles and Techniques. 8th Ed. Cambridge University Press, New Jersey, USA.
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BIOCHEM-706 BIOENERGETICS 2(2-0)
Learning objectives By the end of this course students will be able to: 1. Know the role of oxidation reduction reactions and redox enzymes in cell bioenergetics. 2. Explain electron transport mechanisms in oxidation reduction reactions in plants and animals 3. Understand the energy production by ATP synthase 4. Learn about recent advances in cellular energy transduction processes
Theory Principles of cell bioenergetics, thermodynamics and biological energy transformation, hydrolysis of phosphorylated compounds, thioesters and group transfer; Oxidation-reduction reactions: classification of redox enzymes: oxidases, aerobic dehydrogenases, anaerobic dehydrogenases, peroxidases, oxygenases; Standard redox potentials, electron-transfer reactions in mitochondria, complexes of the respiratory chain and their sequence, free and membrane bound carriers, shuttle systems for indirect oxidation of cytosolic NADH in mitochondria; Dual role of reactive oxygen species, respiratory chain inhibitors; Photophosphorylation: noncyclic and cyclic electron flow; Mechanism of ATP synthesis; Chemiosmotic model, structural organization of ATP synthase and mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation, rotational catalysis and Binding-Change Mechanism, proton pumps, proton motive force and active transport of protons; Regulation of oxidative phosphorylation, Redox signaling.
Suggested Readings 1. Emine, E., A. Susan, D. Cline, D.S. Franklin, S.M. Viselli, D. R. Ferrier. 2021. Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews: Biochemistry. 8th Ed. Wolters Kluwer Publishing Company, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 2. Nelson, D.L and M.M. Cox. 2017. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. 7th Ed. WH Freeman and Company, New York, USA. 3. Voet, D., J. G. Voet and C.W. Pratt. 2016. Fundamentals of Biochemistry, Life at the Molecular Level. 5th Ed. John Wiley & Sons. Inc., New York, USA. 4. Rodwell, V., D. Bender, K. Botham, P. Kennelly and P. A. Weil. 2018. Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry. 31st Ed. McGraw-Hill Education/Medical, New York, USA. 5. Current research papers and review articles |
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BIOCHEM-707 MEDICAL BIOCHEMISTRY 2(2-0)
Learning objectives By the end of this course students will be able to: 1. Aquire the knowledge about structure and function of vital body organs. 2. Describe metabolic interplay of tissues and its regulation 3. Learn about metabolic trafficking at molecular level 4. Understand underlying pathophysiological mechanism of numerous diseases
Theory Structures, functions and disorders of digestive system, lungs, muscles, connective tissues, kidney, heart and membranes; Metabolic interrelation and regulation, nitrogen economy homeostasis; Heritable and acquired diseases. Biochemistry of diseases like malaria, typhoid, arthritis, hepatitis, diabetes, cancer, acquired immunity deficiency syndrome (AIDS), tuberculosis, heart diseases (atherosclerosis), covid-19 etc.; Effect of diseases on metabolism and physiological functions; Autophagy in pathogenesis of diseases; The interplay between redox signaling, autophagy and ageing.
Suggested Readings 1. Agnes G.L., M.N. Hart. 2020. Introduction to Human Disease: Pathophysiology for Health Professionals. 7th Ed. Jones & Bartlett Learning, Massachusetts, USA. 2. Chatterjea, M.N. and R. Shinde. 2012. Textbook of Medical Biochemistry. 8th Ed (Indian Edition). Jaypee Brothers, Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, New Delhi, India 3. Crowley, L.V., E.G. Reisner, H.M. Reisner. 2017. An introduction to human disease: pathology and pathophysiology correlations. 10th Ed. Jones & Bartlett Learning, Massachusetts, USA. 4. da Poian, A.T and M.A.R.B. Castanho. 2021. Integrative Human Biochemistry. A Textbook for Medical Biochemistry. 2nd Ed. Springer, Berlin, Germany. 5. Nelson, D.L and M.M. Cox. 2017. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. 7th Ed. WH Freeman and Company, New York, NY, USA.
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BIOCHEM-708 GENE REGULATION AND EXPRESSION 2(2-0)
Learning objectives By the end of this course students will be able to: 1. Understand about the gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes 2. Know the gene regulation systems at advanced level 3. Demonstrate different techniques relevant to the study of gene expression 4. Learn about basics of nanobiotechnology
Theory Introduction to gene expression; Bacterial gene control: Operons; The mal regulon, ara operon, trp operon; Control of transcription during bacterial sporulation; Genes with multiple promoters; Heterologous and homologous expression of genes in E. coli and yeast; Effect of promoters on gene expression; Protein-DNA interactions for the control of transcription; Transcription factors in eukaryotes: types, structures and functions for RNA polymerase I, II and III; Signal-mediated transport of mRNA through nuclear pore complexes; Transcription activators in eukaryotic transcription; Role of transcription termination in pol.II gene regulation; Protein modifications for gene expression: Histone acetylation etc. Gene regulation and splicing, gene silencing; qPCR, DNA microarray and microchips for the study of gene expression; In situ expression analysis; Catabolite repression of genes in fungi; Gene regulation and expression in archaebacteria; Bioinformatics tools for the study of gene expression and regulation; DNA based applications in nanobiotechnology.
Suggested Readings 1. Green M. R. and J. Sambrook. 2012. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. 4th Ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA. 2. Lodish, H., A. Berk, C. A. Kaiser, M. Krieger and A. Bretscher. 2016. Molecular Cell Biology. 8th Ed. Freeman, W. H. and Company, New York USA. 3. Nelson, D.L and M.M. Cox. 2021. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. 8th Ed. Worth Publishers, New York, USA. 4. Talbot, N. 2001. Molecular and Cellular Biology of Filamentous Fungi. 2nd Ed. Oxford University Press, UK. 5. Watson J.D., T.A. Baker, S.P. Bell, A. Gann, M. Levine and R. Losick. 2013. Molecular Biology of the Gene. 7th Ed. Pearson Education, California, USA. 6. Weaver, R. F. 2012. Molecular Biology. 5th Ed. McGraw Hill Higher Education, New York, USA. |
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BIOCHEM-709 BIOCHEMISTRY OF DRUGS AND 3(2-1) THEIR RESISTANCE Learning objectives By the end of this course students will be able to: 1. Conceptulize about the drug distributions and drug biokinetics 2. Know the mechanism of actions of different drug at advanced level 3. Learn about the adverse effects and different multidrug resistance mechanisms 4. Demonstrate the different experimentation related to drug resistant their reversal mechanisms
Theory Drugs: Transport, distribution, biotransformation and elimination of drugs; How drugs act: Molecular aspects; Classification of drugs according to mechanism of action; Inhibitors of cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, metabolism, nucleic acid function or synthesis; Chemotherapy including antiviral and anticancer drugs and some commonly used antibiotics and their molecular mechanisms of action; Side effects of antibiotics in human beings; Biochemical aspects of drug resistance; Genetic determinants (drug resistance genes) of drug resistance; Multidrug resistance, extensive drug resistance.
Practical Testing the different antibiotics against the susceptible and resistance bacterial stains; Experimentation of bacteriostatic and bacteriocidal; Demonstration of reversal mechanism/approaches of antibiotics resistance in microbes; Development of bacterial biofilm, inhibition of biofilm by natural and synthetic bioactive compounds; Hydrolysis of biofilm and their microscopy by phase contrast/SEM; Quorum senescing (QS) system in microbes and their inhibition using reported stain.
Suggested Readings 1. Brunton, L., B.A. Chabner, B. Chabner and B. Knollman. 2022. Goodman and Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 14th Ed. McGraw-Hill,New York, USA. 2. Harvey, R.A., M. A. Clark, R. Finkel, J.A. Rey and K. Whalen. 2018. Pharmacology. 7th Ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, New York, USA. 3. Katzung, B.G., S.B. Masters and A.J. Trevor. 2020. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. 15th Ed. McGraw-Hill, New York, USA. 4. Rang, H.P., M.M. Dale, J.M. Ritter, R. Flower and G. Henderson. 2018. Pharmacology. 9th Ed. Churchill Livingstone, London, UK. 5. Recent research papers and review articles. |
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BIOCHEM-710 BIOCHEMISTRY OF CONTROL SYSTEMS 2(2-0)
Learning Objectives By the end of this course students will be able to: 1. Understand the basic of homeostatic and concept of balance in the living system. 2. Explain the concepts of infectious agents interact with other biomolecules in living system. 3. Learn the mechanisms of immunodeficiency diseases and therapies for these diseases. 4. Know the in-depth knowledge of human body systems and its functions.
Theory Homeostatic control system: General characteristics; The balance concept, chemical homeostasis and components of homeostatic systems; Receptors, signal transduction mechanisms for plasma-membrane receptors; Neural control system: Structure of the nervous system mechanism of neural transmission; Membrane, resting, graded and action potentials; Synapses and their functional anatomy; Synaptic effectiveness; Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators; Neural growth and regeneration, blood supply, blood-brain barrier and cerebrospinal fluid; Sensory System: Pathways and basic characteristics of sensory coding; Somatic sensation; Vision, hearing, vestibular system, chemical senses, association cortex and perceptual processing; Muscles: Structure of skeletal muscles and muscle fibers, molecular mechanisms of muscle contraction and relaxation; Mechanics of single-fiber contraction; Skeletal-muscle energy metabolism; Smooth muscles, voluntary and involuntary actions, local control of motor neurons, descending pathways and the brain centers that control them; Muscle tone, maintenance of upright posture and balanced walking.
Suggested Readings 1. Barret, K.E., S.M. Barman, J. Yuan and H.L. Brooks. 2019. Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology. 26th Ed. Lange McGraw Hill, USA. 2. Carlson, B. 2021. Muscle Biology: The Life History of a Muscle. 1st Ed. Academic Press, New York, USA.3. Hall, J.E. and M.E. Hall. 2021. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology. 14th Ed. Elsevier, USA. 4. Nelson, D.L and M.M. Cox. 2021. Lehninger’s Principles of Biochemistry. 8th Ed. WH Freeman & Company, New York, USA. 5. Stetka, B. 2021. A History of the Human Brain: From the Sea Sponge to CRISPR, How Our Brain Evolved. 1st Ed. Workman Publishing Co. Inc and Blackstone Publishing. New York, USA.6. Voet, D., J.G. Voet, and C.W. Pratt. 2016. Fundamentals of Biochemistry, Life at the Molecular Level. 5th Ed. John Wiley & Sons. Inc., New York, USA. |
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BIOCHEM-711 ADVANCED FERMENTATION BIOTECHNOLOGY 3(1-2)
Learning objectives By the end of this course students will be able to: 1. Learn comprehensive knowledge about advanced techniques involved in industrial fermentation processes 2. Know about the mechanisms of gas, heat and mass transfer mechanisms during fermentation process 3. Uderstand fermentation process monitoring and control 4. Demonstrate advanced knowledge regarding scale up of Fermentation process
Theory Industrial biotechnology and microbial cultivation in industrial processes; Transport phenomena in bioprocesses; Gas, heat and mass transfer; Stirring and mixing; Fermenter designs and scale up; Monitoring and process control; Microbial metabolism and its control; Product recovery and analysis; Improvement of microbial strains; Chemical and radiation mutagenesis, recombination and genetic engineering; Production of biofuels, current scenario and future prospects, alcoholic fermentation using lignocellulosic biomass; Simultaneous and sequential processes; Production and applications of microbial enzymes and other fermentation products in industries; Bioremediation potential of microorganisms and their enzymes. Acclimated single and mixed microbial cultures.
Practical Selection and isolation of bacteria, fungi, moulds and yeasts; Preparation of basal media and preservation of microbial cultures for fermentation; Production of single cell protein, its determination and characterization; Production of industrial enzymes in solid and liquid state cultures and their assays; Production of citric acid, lactic acid and glutamic acid in solid and liquid state fermentation and their determination; Production of ethanol using molasses and lignocellulosic residues and HPLC analysis; Production of lysine and glutamic acid in submerged fermentation and their determination; Decolourization of textile dyes and industrial effluents by bacteria, fungi and mixed consortia and Industrial visits.
Suggested Readings 1. Cino, J. 2007. Fermentation Methods: Methods in Biotechnology.1st Ed. Human Press Inc., New Jersey, USA. 2. Gupta, V.K. and M. Ayyachamy. 2012. Biotechnology of Microbial Enzymes. Ist Ed. Nova Science Publishers, Inc., New York, USA. 3. Kuila, A and V. Sharma. 2018. Principles and Applications of Fermentation Technology. 1st Ed. Scrivener Publishing LLC, New Dehli, India. 4. Katz, S.E. 2021. Sandor Katz’s Fermentation Journeys: Recipes, Techniques, and Traditions from around the World. Chelsea Green Publishing, INC, USA. 5. Moo-Young, M. 2011. Comprehensive Biotechnology. 2nd Ed. (Vol.3 & 6). Elsevier Inc., New York, USA. 6. Okafor, N. and B.C. Benedict. 2021. Modern Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2nd Ed. CRC Press Inc, London, UK. |
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BIOCHEM-712 CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY 2(2-0)
Learning Objectives By the end of this course students will be able to: 1. Identify advances in molecular level structural organization of cell components, membranes, extracellular matrix. 2. Conceptualize the cellular processes and mechanisms that lead to physiological functions as well as examples of pathological condition. 3. Understand cell signaling pathways involved in the cellular biochemistry research. 4. Demonstrate basic as well as advanced techniques related to cellular biochemistry.
Theory Introduction to cell theory; Ultrastructure of cellular components; Cell membrane receptors, their molecular organization and functional role in transport mechanisms; The plant cell wall and the extracellular matrix (ECM); Cell movements, centriole, cilia and flagella; Cytoskeleton, its structure and functions; The cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis; Apoptosis, features of apoptotic cells, signaling pathways of apoptosis; Eryptosis: features of eryptotic cell, signaling pathways of eryptosis; Tumor cell: types and characteristics, structural difference between normal and tumor cell, metastasis, tumor markers, control of tumor cell growth; Exfoliative cytology; Introduction to flow cytometry.
Practical Blood smear formation, staining techniques and microscopy; Blood cells count and morphology; Erythrocytes size determination by haematology analyzer; Study of divisional stages in mitosis and meiosis; Intracellular enzymes measurements; Cell culturing techniques; Flow cytometry based cellular assays; DNA detection, quantification and amplification.
Suggested Readings 1. Alberts, B., A. Johnson, J. Lewis, D. Morgan, M. Raff, K. Roberts and P. Walter. 2014. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 6th Ed. Garland Sciences. Taylor and Francis Group, Oxforshire, UK. 2. Kumar, N., A.K. Abbas and J.C. Aster. 2015. Robbins Basic Pathology. 9th Ed. Elesvier Science. Amsterdam, Netherlands. 3. Lodish, H., A. Berk, C.A. Kaiser, M. Krieger, A. Bretscher, H. Ploegh, A. Amon and M.P. Scott. 2012. Molecular Cell Biology. 7th Ed. W.H. Freeman Co. New York, USA. 4. Nelson, D.L and M.M. Cox. 2017. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. 6th Ed. WH Freeman & Company, New York, USA 5. Sambrook, J. F., D.W. Russell and N. Irwin. 2000. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. 3rd Ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York, USA. |
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