UIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, FAISALABAD

Department of Biochemistry

BS BIOCHEMISTRY (4 YEAR)

Justification

Biochemistry is one of the most swiftly emerging multidisciplinary subject in the scientific world, involving study of biochemical and molecular basis of life, structure, function and application of different biomolecules. This subject is providing foundation to natural, physical, chemical and biological medical and agricultural sciences. Biochemistry is a backbone of various disciplines such as Microbiology, Genetics, Biotechnology, Physiology, Environmental Sciences, Biology, Pharmacology, Nutrition Sciences, Plant Sciences and Medical Sciences etc. This subject has momentous role in useful human resources development, drug development,
environmental conservation, disease prevention and molecular diagnosis, sustainable development and ultimately in uplifting the standards of good life.

Eligibility Criteria

F.Sc. Pre medical/ A level/ Intermediate Pre-Agriculture or as equivalent as decided by BoS with at least 50% marks.

Objectives and Outcomes

1.       To impart knowledge about the major disciplines of Biochemistry. It will enable the students to understand the principles of organizations and inter-relationships in the biological systems on chemical and molecular basis.

2.                 To equip students for advanced studies and specialization on recently emerging technological and
multidisciplinary fields such as Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering, OMICS like genomic proteomics etc., Environmental Science, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fermentation, Enzymology, Medical Sciences, etc. After completing the degree / students will be able to apply their knowledge to their respective fields effectively.

3.                 To inculcate the scientific culture and demonstrate professional skills in teaching/ research/ managerial positions in wide range of professions in national and international organizations.

Career Opportunities

After obtaining the BS degree in Biochemistry, the graduates will be able to get jobs in wide range of professions including:

Positions in various government and non-governmental organizations, teaching and research, administration and management, biological, pharmaceutical, agriculture, atomic energy organization (NIBGE, NIAB, NIFA, PINUM, NORI, NIA etc.) research organizations like PCSIR, PARC, NARC, EPD, PRI etc. and strategic areas.

UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, FAISALABAD

Department of Biochemistry

BS BIOCHEMISTRY (4 YEAR)

UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, FAISALABAD

Department of Biochemistry

BS BIOCHEMISTRY (4 YEAR)

STANDARDIZED FORMAT

FOR BS (4-YEAR) IN BIOCHEMISTRY

LAYOUT FOR BS (4 YEAR) IN BIOCHEMISTRY

                                                                   Total
Credit Hours    =      131  

COURSE
CONTENTS FOR BS BIOCHEMISTRY (4 YEAR)

ENG-301                    COMPOSITION AND COMMUNICATION SKILLS            3(3-0)

Course Contents

Theory

Reading skills: Reading materials comprise of articles from current national and international research journals and newspapers. Based on the diversity of ethnic, linguistic and religious groups in Pakistan, these reading materials focus on the development of understanding about the dimensions of this diversity, the identification of differences and commonalities among people to
promote interest in the everyday experiences of ethnic, linguistic and religious groups in the socio-cultural setup of Pakistan, the development of broad-based connections downplaying ethnic, linguistic and religious biases and prejudices both on individual and societal levels, the promotion of research to find out instances of social and political injustice in contemporary and
historical records denting the very notion of national solidarity, and imparting knowledge about the people who fought against ethnic, linguistic and religious discrimination to develop a passion to make a difference in this regard; reading materials from literary resources include: (i) Tolerance (E.M. Forster), (ii) The Happy Prince (Oscar Wilde), (iii) End of the Road (Muhammad
Asad), and poems: (i) Lines Written in Early Spring (William Wordsworth), (ii) The Chimney Sweeper (William Blake), (iii) He Came to Know Himself (Sachel Sarmast); writing skills: CV writing, report writing, letter writing, comprehension and précis writing; paragraph writing: descriptive, argumentative, narrative, and expository writing techniques to teach how strong influence and power of words and figurative language and images shape emotions and create ethnic, linguistic and religious biases, and how historical rhetoric
mars the sense of human rights and social justice and to learn to identify and
avoid biasness, stereotyping, unsupported inferences, fallacious reasoning, and
propaganda; grammatical tools: knowledge about parts of speech and their
analysis; translation into English: knowledge about the use of tenses and
practice of passages from Urdu into English; punctuation: comma, semi colon,  colon, capitalization; presentation skills;
communication skills, and 7 Cs of communication.

 Suggested Readings

1.                 Allen, W., 2002, Living English Structure, longman publisher, USA.

2.                 Eastwood, J., 2014, Oxford Practice Grammar, Oxford University Press, Karachi.

3.                 Krizsner, G., and Mendall, 2008, Patterns for College Writing, St Martin’s Press, New York.

4.                 Martin, W., 2015, High School English Grammar, S. Chand and Company Pvt. Ltd., New Dehli.

5.                 McLaren, S., 2011, Writing Essays and Reports, Pascal Press, USA.

6.                 McWhorter, K., 2013, Reading and Study Skills, Little Brow and Company, Boston, Toronto.

7.                 Murphy, A., 2009, Effective Communication, The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc., New York.

SSH-302                                 PAKISTAN STUDIES                                                         2(2-0)

Course Contents

Theory

Review
of Pakistan movement, role of Gandhi and Quaid-e-Azam in Pakistan movement,
contribution of minorities in Pakistan movement, struggle of Muslim women in
Pakistan movement, provisions regarding rights of minorities in the
constitution of Pakistan, fundamental rights, principles of state policy,
foreign policy, objectives of Pakistan’s foreign policy, twists in Pakistan’s
foreign policy, social issues of Pakistan; ignorance, extremism, fanaticism,
sectarianism, terrorism.

Suggested Readings

1.                 Amin, S., 2014, Pakistan’s Foreign Policy, Oxford University Press, Karachi.

2.                 Jalal, A., 2009, The Sole Spokesman, Publisher Cambridge University Press, UK.

3.                 Khalid, M., 2014, Social Problems of Pakistan, Oxford University Press, Karachi.

4.                 Khan, H. 2015. Constitutional and Political History of Pakistan, Oxford University Press,            Karachi.

5.                 Lieven, A., 2014, Pakistan: A Hard Country, Penguin Publishers, USA. 

6.                 Mehmood, S., 2015, International Affairs, Jahangir Book Depot, Lahore.

7.                 Rasheed, A., 2014, Pakistan on the Brink: The Future of America, Pakistan and Afghanistan,
Columbia University Press, USA.

8.                 Singh, J., 2011, Jinnah: India, Partition, Independence, Oxford University Press, Delhi.

9.                 Ziring, L., 2013, Pakistan: At the Cross Current of History, One Worlds Publishers, UK.

MATH-301                            ELEMENTARY
ALGEBRA                                                  3(3-0)

Course Contents

Theory

Preliminaries: Real-number system, complex numbers, introduction to sets, set operations, functions, types of functions. Matrices: Introduction to matrices, types, matrix inverse, determinants, solution of system of linear equations, Cramer’s rule, row operations, rank, Gauss Elimination method. Quadratic Equations: Solution
of quadratic equations, qualitative analysis of roots of a quadratic equation, equations reducible to quadratic equations, cube roots of unity, relation between roots and coefficients of quadratic equations, finding roots of other polynomial equations, Synthetic division. Sequences and Series: Arithmetic progression, geometric progression, harmonic progression, mean, nth term, sum of terms. Binomial Theorem: Introduction to mathematical induction, binomial theorem with rational and irrational indices. Trigonometry: Fundamentals of
trigonometry, trigonometric identities, application of trigonometry in finding width and height.

Suggested Readings

1.     Abramson, J. 2015. Algebra and Trigonometry. Open Stax College, USA.

2.     Axler, S.J. 2012. Algebra & Trigonometry. John Wiley, New York.

3.      Young, C.Y. 2007. Algebra and Trigonometry. John Wiley, New York.

4.     Zill, D.G. and J.M. Dewar. 2011. Algebra and Trigonometry. Jones & Bartlett Publishers, Burlington, USA.

ZOOL-301                             ANIMAL
DIVERSITY-I                                                     4(3-1)

Course Contents

Theory

Major subdivisions of animal kingdom along with evolutionary perspective, taxonomy, phylogeny and general organizations (Structure, function, mode of life, reproduction, life cycles, adaptation, distribution and Economic Importance major groups. Animal–like Protists: The Protozoa; Origin and phylogenetic relationship of protozoa; Protozoan taxonomy; Economic importance and harmful protozoa. Multicellular and Tissue Levels of Organization: Origins of multicellularity; Phylum Porifera: Evolution of canal system; skeleton and reproductive system in Porifera. Cnidaria (Coelenterata): Body wall and Nematocysts; Polymorphism; reproduction and classification up to class; Coral and coral reefs; Platyhelminthes: The triploblastic acoelomate body plan; Free-living flatworms and the tapeworms; Arasitic adaptation; Nematoda: The pseudocoelomate body plan: Aschelminthes: Feeding and the digestive system; Reproduction and development; Parasitic nematodes of humans. Annelida: The metameric body form; Phylogenetic consideration; Metamerism and tagmatization; Feeding and the digestive system; Gas exchange and circulation, nervous and sensory functions, excretion, regeneration, reproduction and development in different classes. Mollusca: Relationships to other animals; Origin of coelom; Molluscan characteristics; Classification up to class; Systems: feeding, digestion, gas exchange, locomotion, reproduction and development, other maintenance functions; Torsion and shell in Mollusca. Arthropoda: Blueprint for success; Classification; Metamerism and tagmatization; The exoskeleton; Metamorphosis; Ecdysis; Appendages; Feeding; Respiration; Social insect; Economic importance of insects. Echinodermata: Characteristics and Classification; Regeneration; Reproduction and development; Skeleton, Water vascular system

Practical

1.     Study of museum specimens and their classification.

2.     Study of morphological and anatomical features of some representatives of different
Phyla.

3.     Microscopic studies of various tissues of vertebrates.

4.     Skeletons of rabbit and frog.

5.     Dissection of reprehensive of each major invertebrate taxon.

Suggested Readings

1.     Reece J.B. 2014. Biology, 10^th Ed. Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc. USA.

2.     Hickman, C.P., L.S. Roberts and A. Larson. 2011. Integrated Principles of Zoology, 15^th
Ed. McGraw Hill. Singapore.

3.     Linzey D.W. 2012. Vertebrate Biology. 2nd Ed. John Hopkins University Press, USA.

4.     Miller, S.A. and J.B. Harley. 2011. Zoology, 8^th Ed. McGraw Hill. Singapore.

5.     Pechenik, J.A. 2010. Biology of Invertebrates, 4^th Ed. McGraw Hill, Singapore.

CHEM-310                FUNDAMENTALS OF INORGANIC
CHEMISTRY                 4(3-1) 

Course Contents

Theory Chemical Bonding:

Types of chemical bonding, ionic and covalent bonding, localized bond approach, theories of chemical bonding, valence bond theory (VBT), hybridization and resonance, prediction of molecular shapes using Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) model, molecular orbital theory (MOT) applied to diatomic molecules, delocalized approach to bonding, bonding in electron deficient compounds, hydrogen bonding.

Acids and Bases:

Brief concepts of chemical equilibrium, acids and bases including soft and hard acids and bases (SHAB),concept of relative strength of acids and bases, significance of pH, pKa, pKb and buffer
solutions, theory of indicators, solubility, solubility product, common ion effect and their industrial applications.

p-Block Elements:

Physical and chemical properties of p-block elements with emphasis on some representative compounds,
inter-halogens, pseudo-halogens and polyhalides.

Practical

Lab safety and good laboratory practices, knowledge about material safety data sheets (MSD), disposal of chemical waste and first-aid practices, qualitative analysis of salt mixtures, quantitative analysis, acid- base titrations, preparation and standardization of acid and alkali solutions, redox titrations, preparation and standardization of potassium permanganate solution and its use for the determination of purity of
commercial potassium oxalate or oxalic acid, preparation and standardization of sodium thiosulfate solution and its use in determination of copper in a given sample, gravimetric analysis, determination of barium in a given sample, determination of chloride in a given solution.

Suggested Readings

1.     Bhatti, H.N. 2016. Text Book of Inorganic Chemistry. The Carvan Book House, Lahore.

2.     Catherine E. House crdft, Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd ed., Prentice Hall, (2008).

3.     Chaudhary S. U., Ilmi Textbook of Inorganic Chemistry, Ilmi Kitab Khana, Lahore, (2013).

4.     Cotton, F. A. and Wilkinson, G., Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, 6th ed., John-Wiley & Sons, New York, (2007).

5.     Kathleen A. H., James E. H., Descriptive Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd ed., Brooks Cole, (2010).

6.     Mendham, J., Denny, R. C., Barnes, J. D., Thomas, M. and Sivasankar, B., Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 6th ed., Pearson Education, Ltd., (2000).

7.     Miessler, G. L., Tarr, D. A., Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd ed., Pearson Education, India, (2008).

8.     Svehla, G., Vogel’s Qualitative Inorganic Analysis, 7th ed., (7th imp.), Pearson Education, Ltd., (2009).  

BIOCHEM-300                     ESSENTIALS OF BIOCHEMISTRY                                                        3(3-0)

Course Contents

Theory

Introduction to Biochemistry, pH & its importance, Buffer, Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, Carbohydrates: Introduction to carbohydrates, Classification of carbohydrates, Glycosidic linkages &
Glycosides, Isomers, Optical activity & rotations, Chemical properties of monosaccharides, structure and functions of important monosaccharide, Homopolysaccharide, Heteropolysaccharides.

Proteins: Introduction to Proteins, Classification of proteins, Structure and Classification of amino acids,
Amphoteric properties of amino acids, concept of Isoelectric pH Peptide Linkage, Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary structure of proteins.

Enzymes: General Characteristics and classification of enzyme, Enzyme Kinetics. Lipids: Introduction to Lipids, structure &  classification of fatty acids, nomenclature of fatty acids, Physical properties of fatty acids and triglycerides, Chemical Properties of fatty acids and triglycerides, Sterols and cholesterol, Prostaglandin and their physical role.

Environmental Pollutants: Impact on biological systems, Global Warming and Green House effect.

Suggested Readings:

1.     Nelson, D.L. and M.M. Cox. 2017. Principles of Biochemistry, 7^th Edition, Worth Publishers.

2.     Boyer, R.F. 2014. Modern Experimental Biochemistry. 3^rd Edition. The Benjamin / Cummings Publishing Co., USA

3.     Stryer, L. 2012. Biochemistry, 7^th Edition, W. H. Freeman and Co. Lab Manual in Biochemistry, Immunology and Biotechnology, Arti Nigram, Archana Ayyagari. Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi.

4.     Murray, R., D. Bender, K.M. Botham, P.J. Kennelly, V. Rodwell and P.A. Weil. 2015. Harper’s
Illustrated Biochemistry, 30^th edition. The McGraw-Hill companies Inc. USA. ISBN-10: 0071825347

5.     Voet, D. and J.G. Voet. 2010. Biochemistry 4^th Edition John Wiley & Sons. USA. ISBN-10: 0470917458

6.    Karp, G. 2015. Cell and molecular Biology, 8^th edition, Wiley Publishers. ISBN-10: 1118886143.

ENG-303                                FUNCTIONAL ENGLISH                                                 2(2-0)

Course Contents

Theory

Basics of grammar, parts of speech and use of articles, sentence-structure, active and passive voice, practice in unified sentence, analysis of phrase, clause and sentence structure, transitive and intransitive verbs, punctuation and spelling, comprehension, answers to questions on given text: discussion, general topics and every-day conversation (topics for discussion to be at the discretion of the teacher keeping in view the level of students); listening, to be improved by showing documentaries/films carefully selected by subject teachers; translation skills, Urdu to English, paragraph writing (topics to be chosen at the discretion of the teacher), presentation skills; introduction

Suggested Readings

1.                 Thomson, A. J. and A. V. Martinet. 2015. Practical English Grammar Exercises 1. 3rd Edition,
Oxford University Press.

2.                 Thomson, A. J. and A. V. Martin. 2016. Practical English Grammar Exercises 2. 3rd Edition, Oxford University Press.

3.                 Marie-Christine B., S. Brinand and F. Grellet. 2014. Writing. Internmediate. Oxford
Supplementary Skills. Fourth Impression.

4.                 Tomlinson, B. and R. Ellis. 2015. Reading.  Upper Intermediate. Oxford Supplementary Skills. Third Impression.

5.                 Shah, A., 2016, Exploring the World of English, IlmiKitabKhana, Lahore.

6.                 Shahid, M., 2014,  Business Communication and Report Writing,  Rizwan Publishers,

7.                 Faisalabad.

8.                 Thomsan A., and Martinet, 2014, Practical English Grammar, Oxford University Press, Karachi

ENG-304                    ENGLISH
WRITING AND PRESENTATION SKILLS            2(2-0)

Course Contents

Theory

Paragraph writing, practice in writing a good, unified and coherent paragraph, essay writing; introduction CV and job application, translation skills (Urdu to English); study skills, skimming and scanning, intensive and extensive, and speed reading, summary and précis writing and comprehension; academic skills,
letter/memo writing, minutes of meetings, use of library and internet; presentation skills, personality development (emphasis on content, style and
pronunciation)

Suggested Readings

1.                 Thomson, A. J. and A. V. Martinet. 2015. Practical English Grammar Exercises 2. 3rd Edition.
Oxford University Press.

2.                 Marie-Christine B., S. Brinand and F. Grellet. 2014. Writing. Intermediate. Oxford
Supplementary Skills. Fourth Impression.

3.       Nolasco, R. 2016. Writing. Upper-Intermediate. Oxford Supplementary Skills. Fourth Impression.

4.                 Tomlinson, B. and R. Ellis. 2014. Reading.  Upper Intermediate. Oxford Supplementary Skills. Third Impression.

5.                 John.L., 2014, Reading and Study Skills, Oxford University Press.

6.                 Richard. Y., 2015. Study Skills, Oxford University Press.

IS-401                         ISLAMIC
STUDIES                                                                        2(2-0)

ONLY OFR NON-MUSLIM STUDENTS

ssh-402                                 Ethics                                                                                 (3-0)

Course Contents

Theory

Definition,
scope and nature of ethics, relationship of logic with ethics, concept of good
and evil, freedom and responsibilities, ethical teaching of Islam,
Christianity, Buddhism and Hinduism, rights of minorities in Islam, general
review of business ethics, profit and ethics, business ethics, ethics of stake
holders, general review of biomedical ethics, ethics and ecology, rights to
livable environment and animals.

Suggested Readings

1.                 
Little. W., 2009, An Introduction
to Ethics, Mathuen & Co. Ltd, London.

2.                 
Jonathan. C., 2011, Humanity: A
Moral History of the 21^st Century, Amazon Publishers,USA.

3.                 
Mackenzie. J., 2010, A Manual of
Ethics, University Tutorial Press Ltd, London.

4.                 
Peter. S., 2008, Writings On An
Ethical Life, Oxford University Press, London.

5.                 
Ruth.C., 2012,
Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics, McMillian Press US

6.                 
Rawls, J., 2012,
The Theory of Justice, Macmillan Company, UK.

7.                 
Sidgwick, H.,
2013, The Method of Ethics, Mathew and company Ltd, UK.

8.                 
Sager, M., 2015,
High Tolerance, Orient Longman press, Ltd, UK.

CHEM-311                            FUNDAMENTAL
OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY           4(3-1)

Course Contents

Theory

Basic Concepts in Organic Chemistry

Atomic orbitals, molecular orbitals and
chemical bonding; Concept of resonance and stability of resonance hybrids,
factor effecting the resonance; Inductive effect, applications of inductive
effect and resonance on various properties of organic compounds; Steric effect
and its applications, Hydrogen bonding and its effects on various properties of
organic compounds, Tautomerism, Hyperconjugation

Chemistry of Functional Groups:

Preparation and properties of alcohols, phenols, ethers, and amines with focus on reaction mechanism and applications, carbonyl compounds, preparations and reaction mechanism of aldehydes and ketones and their applications, carboxylic acids and their derivatives, acidity of carboxylic acids and effect of substituents on their acidity, preparation and reactions of carboxylic acids and their derivatives including esters, amides, acid halides and acid anhydrides.

Chemistry of Hydrocarbons:

Saturated, unsaturated and aromatic hydrocarbons with emphasis on synthesis and free radical, electrophilic
addition and electrophilic substitution reactions.

Practical

 Separation and purification of organic compounds by using crystallization, sublimation, solvent extraction,

distillation and chromatography.

Suggested Readings

1.     
Atkins Carey, “Organic Chemistry”,
A Brief Course, 2nd Edition, (2002).

2.     
C.K. Ingold, “Structure and
mechanism in organic chemistry”(2000), C.B.S. Edition, (2006) Wiley Inter
Science.

3.     
I.L.Finar, “Organic Chemistry”,
Vol. I, Pearson Education, L.-P.E.

4.     
I.L.Finar, “Organic Chemistry”,
Vol. II, 5th Edition, L.P.E.

5.     
Jerry March, “Advanced Organic
Chemistry, Reaction, Mechanism and Structure”, 6th

6.     
Morison and Boyd, “Organic
Chemistry”, 6th Edition, (1992) Prentice Hall.

7.     
Peter Sykes, “A guide book to
mechanism in organic chemistry”, Special Edition, (2009) Pearson Education,
Singapore.

8.      Raza,
A.M., A. Rehman and H.N. Bhatti. 2016. Text Book of Organic Chemistry. The Caravan
Book House, Lahore.

Course Contents

Theory

Cell
Biology Structure and Function of
Bio-molecules: Carbohydrates; Lipids; Proteins; Nucleic Acids; Cell: Cell
theory, cell types (prokaryotes, eukaryotes), basic properties of cell; Brief
description of following cell organelles: Cell wall; Cell membrane; Nucleus; Endoplasmic
reticulum; Plastids; Mitochondria; Ribosomes; Dictyosomes; Vacuoles;
Reproduction in somatic and embryogenic cell: mitosis, meiosis and cell cycle; Genetics:
Introduction: scope and brief history of genetics. Mendelian inheritance: Laws
of segregation and independent assortment, back cross, test cross, dominance
and incomplete dominance; Molecular genetics: DNA replication. Nature of gene,
genetic code, transcription, translation, protein synthesis, regulation of gene
expression (e.g. lac operon); Chromosomal aberrations: Changes in the number of
chromosomes, aneuploidy and euploidy; Changes in the structure of chromosomes:
Deficiency, duplication, inversion and translocation; Evolution: Introduction
and theories.

Practical

Cell
Biology: Study of cell structure using compound microscope and elucidation of
ultrastructure from electron microphotographs; Measurement of cell size; Study
of mitosis and meiosis by smear/squash method and from prepared slides; Study
of chromosome morphology and variation in chromosome number; Extraction and
estimation of carbohydrate, protein, RNA and DNA from plant sources; Genetics:
Genetical problems related to transmission and distribution of genetic
material; Identification of chromosomes in plant material. Carmine/orcein
staining; Determination of blood groups

Suggested Readings

1. Alberts, B., D. Bray, K. Hopkin, A.D. Johnson, J. Lewis, M. Raff,
   K. Roberts and P. Walter. 2013. Essential Cell Biology. 4^th Ed.
   Garland Sciences Publishers, London, UK.
2. Buchanan, B., W. Gruissem and R. Jones. 2015. Biochemistry &
   Molecular Biology of Plants, 2^nd Ed. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford,
   UK.
3. DeRobertis, E.P. and E.M.F. DeRobertis. 2001. Cell and Molecular
   Biology.  8^th Ed. Holt
   Lea and Febiger, New York, NY, USA.

4.     
Hoelzel, A.R.
2001. Conservation Genetics. Kluwer Academic Publishers.

5.     
Ingrouille, M.J.
and B. Eddie. 2006. Plant Diversity and Evolution. Cambridge University Press.

6. Plopper, G. 2011. Principles of Cell Biology, Jones and Bartlett
   Publishers, Sudbury, MA, USA.

7.     
Tropp, B.E. 2012. Molecular Biology. Jones Brothers and Company, Bossier
City, LA, USA.

BIOCHEM-307                     BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS                                             3(1-2)

Course Contents

Theory

Solution, colloidal and suspension system. pH & its importance and application, Buffers: natural and synthetic buffers, characteristics of buffer, importance and applications. Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. Reaction and mechanism of different biochemical analysis (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids) and their importance. Proximate analysis, importance and applications.

Practical

Preparation of solutions: Preparation of Buffer, Carbohydrate Analysis: Group Identification Test, Identification of mono, di and polysaccharides, Identification of reducing sugars, Identification of ketose sugar and their confirmation by phenylhydrazine test, Identification scheme for carbohydrates,  Estimation of glucose in blood sample by phenol sulphuric acid method, Estimation of amino acids, Biuret Test and
Ninhydrin Test, Precipitation tests of proteins. Identification of lipids. Estimation of vitamin C by DCIP method. Proximate analysis of food/feed samples. 

Suggested Readings

1.     Boyer, R.F. 2014.Modern Experimental Biochemistry. 3^rd Edition. The Benjamin / Cummings Publishing Co., USA

2.     Nelson, D.L and M.M. Cox. 2017. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. 7th ed. Worth Publishers,
New York.

3.     Murray, R., D. Bender, K.M. Botham, P.J. Kennelly, V. Rodwell and P.A. Weil. 2015. Harper’s
Illustrated Biochemistry, 30^th edition. The McGraw-Hill companies Inc. USA. ISBN-10: 0071825347

4.     Gowenlock, A. H., J.R. McMurray and D.M. McLauchlan. 2006. Varley’s Practical Clinical Biochemistry 6^th ed. CBS Publishers and distributors. New Delhi, India.

5.     Sawhney, S.K. and R. Singh. 2009. Introductory Practical Biochemistry. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, India.

6.     Shawn, O.F.  and L. E. Taylor. 2009. Biochemistry Lab Manual. Cengage Learning, USA.

Course Contents

Theory

Plant
Physiology: Water relations: water potential, osmotic potential, pressure
potential, matric potential, absorption and translocation of water, stomatal
regulation; Mineral nutrition: Soil as a source of minerals, Passive and active
transport of nutrients, essential mineral elements, role and deficiency
symptoms of macronutrients; Photosynthesis: Introduction, oxygenic and
non-oxygenic photosynthesis, Mechanism: light reactions (electron transport and
photophosphorylation) and dark reactions (Calvin cycle). Differences between C3
and C4 plants. Factors affecting this process, products of photosynthesis;
Respiration: Definition and respiratory substrates, Chanism-Glycolysis, Krebs
cycle, Electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation. Anaerobic respiration.
Energy balance in aerobic and naerobic respiration, Respiratory quotients; Ecology:
Introduction: Aims and applications of ecology; Soil: Physical and Chemical
properties of soil (soil formation, texture. pH, EC, organism and organic
matter etc) and their relationships to plants; Light and Temperature: Quality
of light, diurnal and seasonal variations. Ecophysiological responses; Water:
Field capacity and soil water holding capacity. Characteristics of xerophytes
and hydrophytes. Effect of precipitation on distribution of plants; Wind: Wind
as an ecological factor and its importance; Population Ecology: Introduction, A
brief description of seed dispersal and seed bank; Community Ecology:
Ecological characteristics of plant community; Methods of sampling vegetation
(Quadrat and line intercept); Major vegetation types of the local area;
Ecosystem Ecology: Definition, types and components of ecosystem; Food chain
and Food web; Applied Ecology: Causes, effects and control of water logging and
salinity with respect to Pakistan

Practical

Plant
Physiology: Preparation of solutions of specific normality of acids/bases,
salts, sugars, molal and molar solutions and their standardization;
Determination of uptake of water by swelling seeds when placed in sodium
chloride solution of different concentrations; Measurement of leaf water
potential by the dye method; Determination of the temperature at which beet
root cells lose their permeability; Determination of the effects of
environmental factors on the rate of transpiration of a leafy shoot by means of
a porometer/cobalt chloride paper method; Extraction of chlorophyll from the
leaves and separation of component pigments on a paper chromatogram. Study of
absorption spectra using spectrophotometer; Estimation of oxygen utilized by a
respiring plant by Winkler’s method; Ecology: Determination of physical and
chemical characteristics of soil; Measurements of various population variables;
Measurement of vegetation by Quadrat and line intercept methods; Field trips to
ecologically diverse habitats; Measurements of wind velocity; Measurement of
light and temperature; Effect of light and temperature on seed germination.

Suggested Readings

1. Buchanan, B., W. Gruissem and R. Jones. 2015. Biochemistry &
   Molecular Biology of Plants. 2^nd Ed. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford,
   UK.
2. Hopkins, W.G. and N.A. Huner. 2009. Introduction to Plant
   Physiology. 4^th Ed. John Willey & Sons, New York, NY, USA.

3.     
Larcher, W. 2003
Physiological Plant Ecology: Ecophysicology and Stress Physiology of Functions
Groups – Springer Verlag.

4. Nobel, P.S. 2009. Physicochemical and Environmental Plant
   Physiology. 4^th Ed. Academic Press, London, UK.
5. Pessarakli, M. 2014. Handbook of Plant and Crop Physiology. 3^rd
   Ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA.

6.     
Schultz, J.C.
2005. Plant Ecology. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

7.     
Smith, R.L. 2004.Ecology
and Field Biology. Addison Wesley Longman, Inc., New York.

8.     
Taiz, L., E. Zeiger, I.M. Møller and A. Murphy. 2015. Plant Physiology and Development. 6^th Ed.
Sinauer Associates Inc., Sunderland, MA, USA.

CHEM-408                FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSICAL
CHEMISTRY                   4(3-1)

Course Contents

Theory

States
of Matter:
Gases; Introduction; Law of
equipartition of energy, Collision diameter, collision number, collision
frequency and mean free path; Viscosities of gases, measurements, effect of
temperature and pressure on viscosities of gasses; Critical phenomenon of gases
and experimental determination of Pc, Vc and Tc; The Joule-Thomson Experiment;
Liquefying Gases Using an Isenthalpic Expansion. Kinetic theory of Gases:
Maxwell distribution law of molecular velocities; Derivation of most probable,
mean and root mean square velocities; Transport properties; effect of altitude,
molar mass and temperature on vertical distribution of particle; Liquids: The properties of liquids like
surface tension, viscosity, refractive index and dipole moment; Parachor,
Reheochor and molar refraction as additive and constitutive properties;
Measurement of refractive index and dipole moment; Solids: Symmetry operations and Bravis lattices; Thermal Conduction.
Ionic Conduction; Concept of X-Ray diffraction, Bragg’s equation and crystal
structure analysis; crystal structure of metallic solids, ionic solids,
molecular solids and covalent networks, Heat capacities of solids.  Chemical
Equilibrium Basic concepts, Law of mass action,  relationship between different equilibrium
constants ,homogenous and heterogeneous equilibria,  Le-Chatelier’s principle,  Gibbs energies of formation and calculations
of equilibrium constants, effect of temperature and pressure on the equilibrium
constants/compositions, van’t Hoff equation; Equilibria Involving Ideal Gases
and Solid or Liquid Phases;

Practical

Preparation of standard molar, Normal and
percentage solutions; Standardization of NaOH solution using Oxalic acid;
Buffer solution preparation and measurement of pH value. Determine the surface
tension of the given liquid by drop weight or stalagmometer. Determine the
relative and absolute viscosities of given liquids using Ostwaldʹ s viscometer.
Determination of molar refractivity. Determination of percentage composition of
a solution by refractometric method. Determination of specific and molar
rotation of optically active substances in solution by polarimetric method.
Determination of percentage composition of unknown mixture by polarimetry.

Suggested
Readings

1.     
Alberty, R.A. and Silvey. 2002.
Physical Chemistry. John Wiley and Sons, New York.

2.     
Atkins, P and J. Paula. 2003.
Atkins Physical Chemistry. Oxford university press, New Delhi.

3.     
Bhatti, H.N. 2016. Text Book of
Physical Chemistry. Caravan Book House Lahore.

4.     
Bhatti, H.N and Z.H. Farooqi. 2016.
Physical Chemistry Laboratory Manual. Caravan Book House Lahore.

5.      Carl Garland , Joseph
Nibler , David
Shoemaker. 2008. Experiments in
Physical Chemistry 8th Edition. McGraw-Hill
Science/Engineering/Math,Toledo, MD, U.S.A.

6.      Donald
A. McQuarrie , John
D. Simon. 2016. Physical Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 1st Edition. University
Science Book Publisher. Sausalito, California.

7.      Donald A. McQuarrie. 2007. Quantum Chemistry 2nd Edition. University Science
Book Publisher. Sausalito, California.

8.     
Nivaldo J. Tro .2017. Chemistry: A Molecular Approach. 4th Edition.
Pearson Education, Inc, USA.

ZOOL-302                             ANIMAL DIVERSITY-II                                                    4(3-1)

Course Contents

Theory

Protochrodates:
Structure, anatomy and organ systems; reproduction; life histories and
metamorphosis;Origin of chordates; Basic plan of vertebrate body; Earliest
known vertebrates.

phylogenetic
relationships; further phylogenetic considerations. Fishes: Vertebrate success in water; Primitive jawed vertebrates,
Evolution of jaw in vertebrata, Agnatha and Gnathostomata; Locomotory
adaptations; Nutrition and the digestive system; Circulation; Gasous exchange;
Nervous and sensory functions; Swim bladder in fishes; Excretion and
osmoregulation; Reproduction and development; Amphibian: First
terrestrial vertebrates: Evolutionary perspective; Caudata, Gymnophiona, and
Anura; Structure and locomotory adaptations; Nutrition and digestive system;
Circulation; Gasous exchange; Thermoregulation; Nervous and sensory functions;
Excretion and osmoregulation; Reproduction and development; Metamorphosis;
Phylogenetic considerations. Reptile: The first amniotes; Evolution of
reptilia; Rise and fall of reptiles; Extinction of dinosaurs; Cladistic
interpretation of the amniotic lineage; Testudines or Chelonia,
Rhynchocephalia, Squamata, and Crocodilia; Adaptations in external structure
and locomotion; Nutrition and the digestive system; Circulation; Exchange of
gases; Thermoregulation; Nervous and sensory functions; Excretion and
osmoregulation; Reproduction and development; Aves: Birds: Feathers,
Flight and endothermy; Evolution of flight in Aves; Aerial adaptation;
Diversity of modern birds; Adaptation in external structure and locomotion;
Nutrition and the digestive system; Circulation; Gasous exchange; Nervous and
sensory systems; Eexcretion and osmoregulation; Reproduction and development;
Migration and navigation. Mammalia:             Origin
of mammals; Evolutionary perspectives; Characteristic features; Mammalian
diversity; Adaptations in external structure and locomotion; Nutrition and
digestive system; Circulation; Gasous exchange; Thermoregulation; Nervous and
sensory functions; Excretion and osmoregulation; Behavior; Reproduction and
development; Dentition and vertebrae; Comparative account of evolution of
heart, gridles, skull, development, nervous system, stomach and urinogenital
ducts in vertebrates.

Practical

Museum study of
Protochordates, Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, Mammalia,

Field trips to
study animal diversity in an ecosystem,

Dissection of
reprehensive of each major vertebrate taxon

Suggested Readings

1.     
Reece J.B. 2014. Biology, 10^th Ed. Benjamin/Cummings
Publishing Company, Inc. USA.

2.     
Hickman, C.P.,
L.S. Roberts and A. Larson. 2011. Integrated Principles of Zoology, 15^th
Ed. McGraw Hill. Singapore.

3.     
Linzey D.W. 2012. Vertebrate Biology. 2nd Ed. John Hopkins University
Press, USA.

4.     
Miller, S.A. and J.B. Harley. 2011. Zoology, 8^th Ed. McGraw
Hill. Singapore.

5.       Kent, G.C.A. and S. Miller, 2001. Comparative
Anatomy of Vertebrates. McGraw Hill New York, USA.

BIOCHEM-403                     BIOSAFETY AND ETHICS                                               3(3-0)

Course Contents

Theory

Introduction
to Biosafety, Laboratory hazards, Biosafety levels of research laboratories,
Good laboratory practices, International rules & regulations for  Biosafety, GMOs handling, Laboratory acquired
infections and their transmission routs, Bio waste disposal, Introduction to
bioethics, GMOs related ethics, Ethical issues related to reproductive &
cloning technologies, Role of institutional bioethical committees.

Suggested Readings

1. Dawn
   P. Wooley1, Karen
   B. Byers.
   Biological Safety: Principles and Practices, 5th Edition.2017. ASM Press.
2. Department
   of Health and Human Services. Biosafety in Microbiological and
   Biomedical Laboratories. 5th Edition.2016. LULU Press.
3. Goel
   And Parashar.
   IPR Biosafety and Bioethics. Kindle Edition.2013. Pearson Education.
    
4. Bioethics
   & Biosafety in Biotechnology by V Sree Krishna. 2011.New Age
   International Limited Publishers 

5.     
Laboratory
Biosafety manual 3rd edition. WHO. 2006. AITBS publishers and distributors,
India.

STAT-301                    INTRODUCTORY STATISTICS                                                4(4-0)

Course Contents

Theory

Meaning of Statistics, different branches of Statistics, Types of
variables, Measurement Scales, Description of data by frequency tables and
graphs, Stem and Leaf plots and Box-Whisker plots, Measures of Central
Tendency, Properties of Mean, Weighted Arithmetic Mean. Empirical Relation
between Mean, Median and Mode. Measures of Dispersion: Absolute and Relative
Measures, Properties of Variance and Standard Deviation. Standardized
variables, detection of outlier. Chebyshev theorem, Moments, Moment Ratios,
Kurtosis and Skewness; Probability concepts, Calculation of probabilities by
using Binomial, Poisson and Normal distribution, Sampling distribution of mean,
Introduction to hypothesis testing ,Testing of hypothesis and confidence
interval for single population mean and difference between two population means

Suggested Readings

1.   
Chaudhry, S.M. and
S. Kamal. 2014. Introduction to Statistical Theory Part I. Ilmi Kitab Khana,
Urdu Bazar, Lahore, Pakistan.

2.   
Clarke, G. and D. Cooke. 1998. A
Basic Course in Statistics. Arnold Publisher, London, UK.

3.   
Wonnacott, T.H. and R.J.
Wonnacott. 1998. Introductory Statistics. John Willy & Sons, New Jersey,
USA.

CS-305                                    INTRODUCTION
TO COMPUTING                               3(2-1)

Course Contents

Theory

Information
system, Business information systems, Systems development; Organization and information
systems; Competitive advantage, Hardware and software; Hardware components;
Processing and memory devices, Secondary storage and input and output devices,
Computer System types, Overview of software; Systems application, Programming languages,
Issues and trends, Data management, Data modeling and the relational database model,
Database management systems; Database applications, Overview of telecommunication
and networks; Use and functioning of the internet, Introduction to electronic commerce
and
e-business; Wireless technologies,  Computer
networks and Internet access; Mobile computing commerce, Pervasive computing,
Wireless security; Transaction processing systems.

Practical

MS-word: creating files, editing,
formatting, layout;  MS-excel: creating worksheet
, applying formula, Math and Stat Functions; MS power point: creating power
point slides, working with animations; Internet, Searching, Send and receive
mail, www access, windows (installation, through switching), design small network,
configure access point.

Suggested Readings

1.   
Murray, K. 2006. First Look, Microsoft Office System.
Prentice Hall, New Delhi, India.

2.    Rajraman, V. 2004. Introduction to
Information Technology. Prentice Hall, New Delhi, India.

3.    Stair, R.R. 2009. Fundamentals of
Information Systems. Thomson Course Technology, USA.

4.    Imran. S, R. Ahsan, M. Tariq and H.
Zafar. 2016. “The Concepts of Information Technology” Kitab Markaz, Faisalabad.

5.    Mustafa, T., M. Tariq, S. Imran,
and J. Zahid. 2016.  “Computer
Applications” Kitab Markaz, Faisalabad.

CHEM-409                FUNDAMENTALS
OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY              3(2-1)

Course Contents

Theory

Introduction to analytical science and chemical analysis; Chemometrics;
Accuracy of analysis; Type of errors and use of statistical analysis;
Separation Techniques: Basic principle and applications of solvent extraction;
Solvent extraction of metals, multiple batch extraction, counter current
distribution; Solid phase extraction; Solvent extraction by flow injection
method; General theory and principles of chromatography; Important types of
chromatography and their applications; Spectroscopy: Properties of light and
its interaction with matter; Lambert- Beer,s law and its limitations
Development of spectroscopic techniques for analysis; Principles of atomic
spectroscopy; Basic components, instrumentation and applications: Atomic
absorption and flame photometer, UVVis and IR techniques.

Practical

Laboratory materials, reagents and safety measures; Calibration of
glassware used for volumetric analysis; Determination of chlorides by
titrimetric titrations; Determination of sulfate using gravimetric analysis; Solvent
extraction of organic/inorganic compounds; Separation of mixture of organic and
inorganic compounds by chromatographic methods; Determination of metals using
absorption and emission spectroscopic techniques; Separation and purification
of compounds using column chromatography. 

Suggested Readings

1.      Christian, G. D., Analytical
Chemistry. 6th ed., John-Wiley & Sons, New York, (2006).

2.      Harris, D. C., Quantitative
Chemical Analysis, 8th ed., W. H. Freeman and Company, New York,USA,
(2011).

3.      Kealey, D. and Haines, P. J,Instant Notes., Analytical Chemistry, Bios Scientific
Publishers Limited, Oxford, UK, (2002).

4.      Matthios, Otto, CHEMOMETRICS-Statistics
and Computed applications in Analytical Chemistry, 2nd ed., Wiley-VCH,
Germany, (2007).

5.      Miller, J. and Miller, J., Statistics and Chemometrics for Analytical Chemistry, 5th ed.,
Prentice Hall, (2005).

6.      Mitra A., Fundamentals
of Quality Control and Improvement, 3rd ed., John-Wiley & Sons,
(2008).

7.      Skoog, D. A., West, P. M., Holler, F. J., Crouch, S. R., Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry,
9th ed., Brooks Cole Publishing Company, (2013).

BInfo-302                   INTRODUCTION TO BIOINFORMATICS                                3(2-1)

Course Contents

Theory

Introduction,
history, timeline, databases, sequence storage, retrieval and analysis, similarity
and homology, creating alignments, local and global alignment, pairwise and
multiple sequence alignments. Phylogenetic analysis, dot matrix plots, dynamic
programming algorithms. Word (K-tuple) methods, substitution matrices PAM and
BLOSUM, scoring algorithms, gap penalties, online tools BLAST, BLAT and FASTA,
PDB file structure.

Practical

Accessing
NCBI, ENSEMBL, Uniprot, Genbank, EMBL, SWISS-PROT, Accessing structural
database including PDB, SCOP and CATH, EXPASY and FASTA using tools for pairwise
and multiple sequence alignment, Phylogenetic analysis, Bioedit.

Suggested Readings

1.     
Arthur M. Lesk. 2014. Introduction to Bioinformatics, Oxford
University Press.

2.     
Ignacimuthu S. J. 2010. Basic Bioinformatics, Narosa Publishing
House.

3.     
Yadav N. 2010. A Hand Book of Bioinformatics, Anmol Publications
Pvt. Ltd, india.

4.     
Krawetz. S. A. 2011. Introduction to Bioinformatics: A
Theoretical and Practical Approach, Humana press.

CHEM-511    STEREOCHEMISTRY AND ORGANIC SPECTROSCOPY               4(3-1)

Course Contents

Theory

Stereochemistry: Chirality and
enantiomers, optical activity, symmetry elements, R-S conventions, racemic
modifications and their resolution, asymmetric synthesis, optical activity in
biphenyl and spiro compounds, Stereo specific and stereo selective reactions;
Geometrical isomerism; Z and E convention; cis-trans isomerism in cyclic
systems; Conformational analysis of disubstituted cyclohexanes and condensed
rings;

Organic
Spectroscopy:
Basic principles of UV/Visible, IR, NMR spectroscopy and Mass spectrometry;
Spectral interpretation of simple organic compounds with these techniques.

Practical

Experiments of both of qualitative and
quantitative nature based on available spectroscopic techniques.

Suggested
Readings

1.     
Bhatti, H.N. 2014. Advanced Organic
Chemistry. The Caravan Book House, Lahore.

2.     
Eliel,E.l .2005. Stereochemistry of
Carbon Compounds. Tata McGraw Hill. New Delhi, India.

3.     
Morris, D.G. 2001. Stereochemistry.
The Royal Society of Chemistry, London.

4.     
Pavia, D.L., G.M. Lampman and G.S.
Kriz. 2014. Introduction to Spectroscopy. 5^th Ed. Cengage Learning,
New York, USA.

5.     
Silverstein, R.M., G.C. Bassler and
T.C. Morrill. 2014. Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds, 8th Ed.
John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, USA.

6.     
Solomon, T.W.G. 2014. Organic
Chemistry. 11th Ed. John Wiley and Son’s, INC, New York, USA.

7.     
Younas, M. 2013. Organic
Spectroscopy and Chromatography, Ilmi Kitab Khana, Lahore.

8.     
Cotton, F. Albert,
Geoffrey Wilkinson and Paul L.Gaus, 1995. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, Inc.
3rd Ed., John Wiley & Sons.

BIOCHEM-404                     ENZYMOLOGY                                                                  2(2-0)

Course Contents

Theory

Introduction of enzymes, Enzymes Vs. catalysts, Classification and
biochemical nature, Structure
& properties, Cofactors and coenzymes,
Isozymes, Enzyme activity and specific activity, Optimum conditions of enzymes
activity, Catalytic principles and reaction mechanisms of enzymes,
Non-Traditional enzymes like  Abzymes,
Ribozymes and Extremozymes. Enzyme Inhibition, Denaturation of enzymes.
Application of enzymes in various fields like clinical diagnostics of human,
animal and plant diseases, food/beverage industries, agriculture and household
industries etc. Enzymes Safety and Regulatory considerations.

Suggested Readings

1.     
Nelson, D.L and
M.M. Cox. 2017. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. 7th ed. Worth Publishers,
New York.

2.     
Zia, M.A. and K.
Rahman. 2017. Manual of Enzyme Biotechnology. MAS Publishers, Faisalabad,
Pakistan.

3.     
Murray, R.K., D.A.
Bender, K. M. Botham, P.J. Kennelly, V.W. Rodwell and P.A.Weil. 2015. Harper’s
Illustrated Biochemistry. 30^th ed. McGraw Hill. New York.

4.     
Voet, D., J. G.
Voet and C.W. Pratt. 2013. Fundamentals
of Biochemistry, Life at the Molecular Level. 4^th ed. John
Wiley & Sons. Inc. New York.

5.     
Klaus Buchholz, Volker Kasche, Uwe Theo Bornscheuer. 2012. Biocatalysts
and Enzyme Technology. 2nd Edition. ISBN: 978-3-527-32989-2. 626 p. Wiley-Blackwell.

BIOCHEM-405                     NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY                      3(3-0)

Course Contents

Theory

Introduction
to nutritional biochemistry, Recommended dietary intake and energy levels,
Protein Energy malnutrition and its Global scenario, Protein Energy
malnutrition, Factor affecting food nutrition, Water and electrolytes:
functions, regulation in body, Nutritionally important macromolecules,
Micro-molecules (requirements and roles in health), Dietary proteins,
Biochemistry of dietary fiber, Sweeteners and their biochemical effects,  Nitrogen Economy, Pre-and probiotics,
Micronutrients (vitamins, minerals and selected bioactive nutrients),
Nutritional assessment methodologies, Nutrient and dietary deficiency
disorders, Nutritional therapeutics, sources and dose, Nutrient-nutrient and
drug-nutrient interactions, Nutrigenomics.

Suggested Readings

1.     
S.S. Gropper, J.L.
Smith & T.P. Carr, 2017. Advanced Nutrition and Human Metabolism 7th
edition.Published by Cengage Learning.

2.     
Bamji, M.S., K. Krishnaswamy and G.N.V. Brahmam. 2009. Textbook
of Human Nutrition, 3^rd ed. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.,
New Delhi, India.

3.     
Eastwood, M. 2003.
Principles of Human Nutrition, 2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York,
USA.

4.     
Lehninger
Principles of Biochemistry, 2014. 6th Edition.

5.     
Judit Pongracz,
Mary Keen. 2009. Medical Biotechnology. Published by Elsevier Health Sciences.

BIOCHEM-505               
BIOCHEMISTRY OF CARBOHYDRATES                          3(3-0)

Course Contents

Theory

Carbohydrates: Classification, structures and functions of
monosaccharides and oligosaccharides; Hemiacetal and hemiketal structures;
Fisher and Howarth projections; Configuration and conformation, boat and chair
forms, sugar acids, amino sugars and their derivatives, sialic acids;
Biomedical importance of the different carbohydrates; Homopolysaccharides;
Starch and glycogen ultrastructure and solution behaviour; Ultrastructure of
celluloses, hemicelluloses, gums and pectic substances; Heteropolysaccharides
and glycosaminoglycans; Structure, occurrence and functions of hyaluronic acid,
heparin, chondriotin sulphates; keratan sulphates and dermatan sulphates.
Glycobiology: Structure and functions of glycoconjugates; Current trends and
research in the field of glycobiology; Blood group polysaccharides and their
role in blood grouping; Metabolism of carbohydrates; detailed discussion on
glycolysis and its feeder pathways, Krebs cycle, glyoxylate cycle, pentose
phosphate cycle and glucuronic acid pathway; Gluconeogenesis and glycogen
metabolism; Regulation of carbohydrate metabolism; Inborn errors of
carbohydrate.

Suggested Readings

1.     
Nelson, D.L and
M.M. Cox. 2017. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. 7th ed. Worth Publishers,
New York.

2.  Murray, R., D. Bender, K.M. Botham, P.J. Kennelly, V. Rodwell and P.A. Weil. 2015. Harper’s
Illustrated Biochemistry, 30^th edition. The McGraw-Hill companies
Inc. USA. ISBN-10: 0071825347

3.     
Ferrier, D. R.
2017. Biochemistry: Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews. 7^th
ed.  Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
U.S.A.

4.     
Chatterjea, M. N. and R. Shinde. 2012. Textbook of Medical Biochemistry. 8^th ed (Indian edition). Jaypee
Brothers, Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, New Delhi, India

5.     
Voet, D., Voet,
J.G and C.W. Pratt. 2013. Fundamentals
of Biochemistry, Life at the Molecular Level. 4^th ed. John
Wiley & Sons. Inc. New York, NY, USA.

BIOCHEM-506                     BIOCHEMISTRY OF PROTEINS                                      3(3-0)

Course Contents

Theory

Amino acids; Structures of standard and nonstandard amino acids;
Specialized biomolecules derived from amino acids; Classification and
characteristics, acid-base properties, pKa values, titration curves and
isoelectric pH; Covalent structure of proteins; Peptides, sequence,
nomenclature and conventions for writing; Merrifield peptide synthesis;
Classification, biological functions and properties of proteins; Techniques of
protein purification; Salting out, chromatography, electrophoresis, isoelectric
focusing;  Primary structure of protein
and its determination; Secondary structure: a-helix,
ß-pleated sheets, ß-bends, super secondary motifs, domains; Tertiary and
quaternary structures; Protein folding and diseases of misfolding; Structures
and biological functions of myoglobin, hemoglobin, collagen and α-keratin etc;
Biodegradation of proteins and role of proteasome; Metabolic fate of amino
groups; Nitrogen excretion, urea cycle and its regulation; Pathways of amino
acid degradation; Biosynthesis of amino acids; In born errors of amino acid
metabolism; Introduction to proteomics: Significance and applications.

Suggested Readings:

1.     
Stryer, L. 2012.
Biochemistry, 7^th Edition, W. H. Freeman and Co. Lab Manual in
Biochemistry, Immunology and Biotechnology, Arti Nigram, Archana Ayyagari. Tata
McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi.

2.     
Ferrier, D. R.
2017. Biochemistry: Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews. 7^th
ed.  Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
U.S.A.

3.     
Nelson, D.L and
M.M. Cox. 2017. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. 7th ed. WH Freeman &
Company, New York, NY, USA.

4.     
Rodwell, V and D. Bender.
2015.  Harpers Illustrated Biochemistry.
30^th Ed. McGraw Hill, New York, USA.

5.     
Voet, D., Voet,
J.G and C.W. Pratt. 2013. Fundamentals
of Biochemistry, Life at the Molecular Level. 4^th ed. John
Wiley & Sons. Inc. New York, NY, USA.

BIOCHEM-507                        BIOCHEMISTRY OF LIPIDS                                         3(3-0)

Course Contents

Theory

Introduction and functions of lipids; Classification, structures,
physical and chemical properties of fatty acids; Fatty acids present in special
sources, v₃ and v₆ fatty acids; Triglycerides, phospholipids, glycolipids,
sphingoglycolipids, sulpholipids and gangliosides; Lipids as signals, cofactors
and pigments; Structure and physiological significance of cholesterol and its
esters, bile acids and bile salts; Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes and Leukotriene
and their role in biological system; Lipoprotein system and lipid distribution,
lipid monolayers, bilayers and micelles; Composition and architecture of
biological membranes; Biosynthesis and degradation of triglycerides, saturated
and unsaturated fatty acids, phospholipids and cholesterol; Regulation of lipid
metabolism; Inborn errors of lipid metabolism; Biosynthesis and utilization of
ketone bodies.

Suggested Readings

1.     
Chatterjea, M. N. and R. Shinde. 2012. Textbook of Medical Biochemistry. 8^th ed (Indian edition). Jaypee
Brothers, Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, New Delhi, India.

2.     
Ferrier, D. R.
2017. Biochemistry: Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews. 7^th
ed.  Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
U.S.A.

3.     
Murray, R.K., D.A.
Bender, K. M. Botham, P.J. Kennelly, V.W. Rodwell and P.A.Weil. 2015. Harper’s
Illustrated Biochemistry. 30^th ed. McGraw Hill. New York, NY, USA.

4.     
Nelson, D.L and
M.M. Cox. 2013. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. 6th ed. WH Freeman &
Company, New York, NY, USA.

5.     
Voet, D., Voet,
J.G and C.W. Pratt. 2013. Fundamentals
of Biochemistry, Life at the Molecular Level. 4^th ed. John
Wiley & Sons. Inc. New York, NY, USA.

BIOCHEM-508            
BIOCHEMISTRY OF NUCLEIC ACIDS                               2(2-0)     

Course Contents

Theory

Nucleic
acids and their importance. Structures of nitrogenous bases, pentoses and their
properties. Structures and functions of nucleotides. Phosphodiester bond and
polynucleotides. Double helical structure of DNA and its characteristics.
Different three-dimensional forms of DNA; A, B and Z forms.  Unusual structures of DNA. Denaturation and
hybridization of nucleic acids. Non-enzymatic transformations of DNA. Nucleic
acid fractionation and sequencing. Chemical synthesis of DNA, Intronic and
exonic regions, Molecular structures and functions of mRNA, rRNA, tRNA and
small nuclear RNA. Nucleic acids interacting agents, chemical reactions of
Nucleic Acids, Ribozymes and their characteristics. Pathways of information
flow. Biosynthesis and biodegradation of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides,
regulation of nucleotide metabolism. Inborn error of nucleic acid metabolism.

Suggested Readings

1.     
Stryer, L. 2012.
Biochemistry, 7^th Edition, W. H. Freeman and Co. Lab Manual in
Biochemistry, Immunology and Biotechnology, Arti Nigram, Archana Ayyagari. Tata
McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi.

2.     
Ferrier, D. R.
2017. Biochemistry: Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews. 7^th
ed.  Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
U.S.A.

3.     
Nelson, D.L and
M.M. Cox. 2017. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. 7th ed. WH Freeman &
Company, New York, NY, USA.

4.     
Voet, D., Voet,
J.G and C.W. Pratt. 2013. Fundamentals
of Biochemistry, Life at the Molecular Level. 4^th ed. John
Wiley & Sons. Inc. New York, NY, USA.

BIOCHEM-509                     ENZYME BIOTECHNOLOGY                                         3(2-1) 

Course Contents

Theory

History,
Cofactors & coenzymes, Enzyme substrate interactions, Specificity of Enzyme
Action, Factors affecting enzyme activity. Denaturation and Renaturation of
enzymes. RNA as enzyme. Enzyme inhibition & Regulation. Multienzyme
complexes. Enzyme Immobilization: adsorption, entrapment, cross-linking,
immobilization on nanoporous particles & nanofibers, covalent modification.
Principles and design of immobilized enzyme reactors/biosensors; Hyperproduction
of enzymes through physical/chemical mutagenesis and chemical modifications.
Enzyme Technology Challenges: Enzyme engineering, Artificial enzymes,
Introduction of un-natural amino acids, Artificial substrates. Application of
free & immobilized enzymes in various industrial processes.

Practical

·        
Isolation of
enzymes from plant/animal sources.

·        
Microbial
technology of enzymes: Production of enzymes and their Enzyme Assays.

·        
Isolation of
enzymes by ammonium sulphate precipitation.

·        
Purification of
enzymes by ion exchange & gel filtration chromatography.

·        
Immobilization of
enzymes using different supports and techniques.

·        
Characterization
of free & immobilized enzymes.

·        
SDS-PAGE.

·        
Industrial Visit.

Suggested Readings

1.     
Zia, M.A. and K.
Rahman. 2017. Manual of Enzyme Biotechnology. MAS Publishers, Faisalabad,
Pakistan.

2.     
Buchholz,
K., V.
Kasche, U.T.
Bornscheuer. 2012.  Biocatalysts
and Enzyme Technology. John
Wiley & Sons.

3.      Chatterjea, M. N. and R. Shinde. 2012.
Textbook of Medical Biochemistry. 8^th
ed.
Jaypee Brothers, Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, New Delhi, India.

4.      Gray, N., M. Calvin and S.C. Bhatia. 2012. Enzymes
Biotechnology. CBS Publishers, India.

5.      Prasad, N.K. 2011. Enzyme Technology. PHI Learning, India.

6.      Shukla, P.  and B.I. Pletschke. (Eds.).
2013. Advances in
Enzyme Biotechnology. Springer.

7.      Wilson, K. and J. Walker.
2005.  Practical Biochemistry: Principles
and Techniques. 6^th ed. Cambridge University Press.

BIOCHEM-515               INDUSTRIAL MANAGMEMENT AND                                    3(3-0)

                                                            QUALITY
CONTROL

Course Contents

Theory

Introduction to
industrial management, Basic functions of management, Forms of business and
organizational structure, Introduction to manufacturing, Introduction to
industrial marketing, Understanding of financial management, Human resource
management practices, Basics of operations and productivity, Purchasing and
inventory control, Basics of plant layout, Industrial safety and risk
management, Lean production, industrial scheduling, Forecasting methods,
Understanding of supply chain dynamics, Industrial operations and leadership,
Overview of quality and quality control systems, Comparison between quality
control and quality assurance,  The ISO
9000 standard for quality management systems, Sector-specific standards, ISO
9001 requirements, ISO 14000 series standards, Failure mode and effect
analysis, Total productive maintenance, Managing quality improvement teams and
projects, Statistical process control, Building and sustaining total quality
organizations.

Suggested
Readings:

1. Kumar,
   A.  2015. Industrial Management: An
   Introduction, Alpha Science Intl Ltd

2.     
Halevi, G.  2014. Industrial Management: Control and
Profit, Springer Inc. Germany.

3.      Besterfield, D.H. and C.B. Michna. 2011. Total Quality Management, Revised 3^rd Edition. Pearson Education, South
Asia.

4.     
Kitaw, D. 2009. Industrial Management and
Engineering Economy: an Introduction to Industrial Engineering, AAU Press.

BIOCHEM-501                     PLANT BIOCHEMISTRY                                                 3(3-0)

Course Contents

Theory

Structure
and functions of plant cell, Plant cell wall, Conversion of nitrogen into
ammonia and other nitrogenous compounds. Photosynthesis; Structure of
chlorophyll, absorption of light energy, photosynthetic pigments,
photosystem-1, photosystem-2. Hills reaction, electron transport chain, ATP
formation and CO₂ fixation (Calvin Benson cycle). Hatch Slack
pathway and photorespiration. Biosynthesis of Alkaloids and their biological
functions. Terpenes and Terpenoids. Plant growth substances. Vitamins; General
properties and role in metabolism. Flavonoids and related compounds.

Suggested Readings:

1.     
Goodwin, T.W. and
E.I.Mercer.2003. Introduction to Plant Biochemistry, 2^nd ed. CBS
publishers and distributors. New Delhi.   

2.     
Buchanan, B., W. Gruissem and R. Jones. 2015.
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology of Plants. John Wiley & Sons. Inc.,
New York, USA.

3.     
Voet, D., J. G.
Voet and C.W. Pratt. 2013. Fundamentals
of Biochemistry, Life at the Molecular Level. 4^th ed. John
Wiley & Sons. Inc. New York

4.     
Nelson, D.L and
M.M. Cox. 2017. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. 7th ed. Worth Publishers,
New York.

5.     
Lim, T.K. 2014.
Edible Medicinal and Non Medicinal Plants: Modified Stems, Roots, Bulbs.
Springer-Verlag Publishers, New York, LLC, USA.

6.     
Heldt, H-W. and B. Piechulla. 2010. Plant Biochemistry. 4^th
ed. Elsevier Academic Press

7.     
Nelson, D.L and
M.M. Cox. 2017. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. 7th ed. Worth Publishers,
New York.

8.     
Taiz, L. and E. Zeiger. 2006. Plant Physiology 3^rd ed. Prima Publishing Corporation.
New
Delhi.

BIOCHEM-510         INTRODUCTION
TO FERMENTATION                            
3(3-0)

                                                    BIOTECHNOLOGY

Course Contents

Theory

Definition,
history and scope of fermentation, fermentation technique, Microorganisms of
fermentation, strain selection, microbial growth and inoculum. Microbial Growth
kinetics and phases of microbial growth in batch fermentation. Upstream and
downstream processing. Factors affecting fermentation process; Substrates and
nutrient media for fermentation processes. Components and design of
fermentation process. Instrumentation, autoclave, laminar air flow (Biological
hood), flask fermentations, designs of fermentors and bioreactors, aerobic and
anaerobic processes, single and mixed cultures, acclimated cultures, Types and
modes of fermentation, heat and mass transfer and issues in solid state
fermentation. Culture systems in industrial fermentation; batch, continuous and
fed-batch cultures. Products of fermentation; Fermented food, probiotics and
prebiotics; Yeast Fermentation, microbial enzymes, single cell protein, primary
and secondary metabolites. Applications of fermentation products in industrial
and environmental biotechnology. A Human Perspective: Fermentations: The Good,
the Bad, and the Ugly.

Suggested Readings

1.     
Allman, A.R. 2011.
Fermentation Microbiology and Biotechnology, 3^rd Edition. CRC Press
Inc..

2.     
Gupta, V.K., M.
Ayyachamy. 2012. Biotechnology of Microbial Enzymes. Nova Science Publishers,
Inc. New York, NY, USA

3.     
Moo-Young, M.
2011. Comprehensive Biotechnology 2^nd Edition (Vol.3&6).
Elsevier B.V.  Inc. USA.

4.     
Stanbury, P.F., A.
Whitaker and S.J. Hall. 2000. Principles of Fermentation Technology.2^nd
Ed. Butterworth –Heinemann, Inc.

5.     
Panday, A., C.
Lorroche, C.R. Socccol, E. Gnansounou and C.G. Dussap. 2010. Comprehensive Food
Fermentation Biotechnology Vol.1. Asiatech Publishers Inc. New Dehli, India.

6.     
Saha, B.C. 2003.
Fermentation Biotechnology. Culinary and Hospitality Industry Publication
Services (CHIPS), Texas, USA.

BIOCHEM-511                     MOLECULAR BIOCHEMISTRY                                      3(3-0)

Course Contents

Theory

Structural organization of genes and chromosomes in prokaryotes and
eukaryotes, nucleosomes, properties of DNA and RNA in solution; Nucleic acid
stability; DNA Supercoiling; Replication of DNA: Theory, semi-conservative
replication and molecular mechanism of replication in prokaryotes and
eukaryotes; Enzymology of DNA replication; Molecular nature of mutations, DNA
damage and repair; SOS response; Genetic recombination and mobile genetic
elements; Transcription: Promoters and enhancer elements, RNA synthesis in
prokaryotes and eukaryotes, tRNA, mRNA and rRNA processing, capping, splicing
and polyadenylation of eukaryotic mRNA; Reverse transcription; RNA replication;
Genetic code and Wobble hypothesis; Translation, essential factors, enzymes,
initiation, elongation and termination of protein synthesis; Post-translational
modifications and targeting of proteins; Control of transcription and
translation; Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes; lac and trp operons;
Overview of molecular biology techniques; DNA restriction and modification;
Advances in biotechnology and genetic engineering. 

Suggested Readings

1.     
Nelson, D.L and
M.M. Cox. 2017. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. 7th ed. Worth Publishers,
New York, NY, USA. 

2.     
Ferrier, D. R.
2017. Biochemistry: Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews. 7^th
ed.  Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
U.S.A.

3.     
Brown, T., 2016.
Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis. 7th Edition. Blackwell Scientific Publications,
Melbourne. ISBN-10 # 1119072565.

4.     
Sambrook, J. F.,
Russell, D. W. and Irwin, N. 2000. Molecular cloning: A laboratory manual, 3^rd
ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, NY,
USA. 

5.     
Voet, D., Voet,
J.G and C.W. Pratt. 2013. Fundamentals
of Biochemistry, Life at the Molecular Level. 4^th ed. John
Wiley & Sons. Inc. New York, NY, USA.

6.     
Weaver, R. F.
2012. Molecular Biology. 5^th ed. McGraw Hill Higher Education.

BIOCHEM-512                     BIOCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES                                    3(1-2)

Course Contents

Theory

Good lab practices. Laboratory safety: Hazards in biochemistry
laboratory, general safety measures, chemical, physical and biological hazards,
spillage and waste disposal, radiation safety and first aid. General laboratory
procedures, Laboratory glassware,
Standard procedures for preparation and storage of reagents. Buffers and
solution chemistry. Theoretical background of chromatography. Importance of
Biochemical analysis in plant and animal sciences.

Practical

·        
Preparation of different nature of solutions:  (molar and normal, percentage).

·        
Preparation of buffers of different molarity and pH.

·        
Demonstration
about diffusion, dialysis, Donnan’s equilibrium and osmosis.

·        
Chromatography:
Paper chromatography. One dimensional two dimensional, circular and column
chromatography.

·        
Carbohydrate
analysis, Estimation of glucose  by
spectrophotometer

·        
True protein
estimation by Biuret/Bradford and UV method. 

·        
Proximate analysis
of foods and feed.

·        
Estimation of
vitamin-A and C.

·        
Glycogen;
Isolation and characterization.

Suggested Readings

1.     
Boyer, R.F. 2014.
Modern Experimental Biochemistry. 3^rd Edition. The Benjamin /
Cummings Publishing Co., USA

2.     
Gowenlock, A. H., J.R. McMurray and D.M. McLauchlan. 2006. Varley’s
Practical Clinical Biochemistry 6^th ed. CBS Publishers and
distributors. New
Delhi, India.

3.     
Sawhney, S.K. and R. Singh. 2009. Introductory Practical Biochemistry.
Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi.

4.     
Shawn, O.F.  and L. E. Taylor.
2009. Biochemistry Lab Manual. Cengage Learning, USA.

5.     
Wilson, K. and J. Walker. 2010. 
Practical Biochemistry: Principles and Techniques. ^7th ed.
Cambridge University Press.

BIOCHEM-513                    CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY                                             
3(1-2)           

Course Contents

Theory

Laboratory organization and management; Quality control and quality
assurance; Safety in clinical laboratory; Handling and Processing of Clinical
Samples, Specimen
collection, preservation and preparation for analysis; Laboratory data processing; Reference range and normal values; Report
Writing: Online Tools in Report Generation; Commonly used instruments in
clinical laboratory: Microscope, Minilab apparatus, X-ray, ECG, MRI, ELISA
reader, CT scan etc.

Practical

·        
Blood sampling techniques and Complete blood picture (CBP)

·        
Bleeding time, clotting time, prothrombin time and blood groups.

·        
Blood glucose, Serum electrolytes, Pregnancy test

·        
Liver function tests, Total proteins, albumin for Hepatitis and related
diseases

·        
Kidney function tests for Diabetes and other disorders

·        
Cardiac enzymes for cardiovascular diseases

·        
Lipid profile

·        
Urine analysis

·        
Sero-diagnosis of infectious diseases

·        
Visit to clinical laboratory/concerned organization

Suggested Readings

1.     Zia, M.A. and K. Rahman. 2017. Manual of Clinical Biochemistry. MAS Publishers, Faisalabad,
Pakistan.

2.     Chatterjea, M.N. and R. Shinde. 2012. Text Book of Medical Biochemistry. 8^th edition. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, New Delhi, India.

3.      Dacie, J.V. and S.M. Lewis. 2006. Practical Haematology. 10^th ed. Churchill Livingstone-Elsevier, USA.

4.      Estridge, B.H. and A.P. Reynolds. 2012. Basic Clinical Laboratory Techniques, 6^th ed. Albany,
NY: Delmar Publishers, Inc.

5.      Gaw, A. 2013. Clinical Biochemistry: An Illustrated Colour Text An Illustrated Colour Text Series. 5^th
edition. Churchill Livingstone, USA.

6.      Hughes, J., A. Jefferson, J.A. Jefferson and J. Iredale. 2008. Clinical Chemistry: Made Easy. Elsevier Health Sciences, USA.

7.     Mayne, P.D. 1996. Clinical Chemistry in Diagnosis and Treatment. 6^th ed. ELBS, UK

BIOCHEM-514                           ENZYME KINETICS                                                     3(2-1)

Course Contents

Theory

Chemical kinetics and rate equations, order of reaction, reaction rates, rate constants and steady states. 
Enzyme kinetics and its importance in the study of enzymes and mechanisms of enzyme catalyzed reactions, types of enzyme catalyzed reactions. Free energy of activation and effect of enzymes. Catalytic mechanisms; types of
catalysis contributing to enzyme efficiency, catalytic groups involved in catalysis.  Michaelis-Menton equation and
its application to one and two substrate enzyme catalyzed reactions. Transformations of Michaelis-Menton equation; uses of Lineweaver-Burk plot and Eddie Hofstee plots for the determination of V_max and K_M. Effect of pH, temperature and inhibitors. Kinetics of competitive, non-competitive, uncompetitive and mixed inhibition. Non-Michaelis-Menten Kinetics. Significance of enzyme kinetics in clinical and
industrial applications of enzymes.

Practical

·        Effect of pH on enzyme activity.

·        Effect of temperature on enzyme activity

·        Effect of   cofactors and metal
ions on enzyme activity

·        Effect of inhibitors on enzyme activity

·        Effect of substrate concentration and determination of K_M and V_max.

·        Thermodynamic studies and kinetic models of enzymes

·        Determination of thermo-stability and half life

Suggested Readings

1.     Stryer, L. 2012. Biochemistry, 7^th Edition, W. H. Freeman and Co. Lab Manual in
Biochemistry, Immunology and Biotechnology, Arti Nigram, Archana Ayyagari. Tata
McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi.

2.      Cornish,,B. A. 2004. Fundamentals of Enzyme Kinetics. Portland
Press, UK.

3.      Lehninger, A.L. 1982. Principles of Biochemistry. Worth Publishers,
Inc. New York, NY, USA.

4.      Lesakovac, L. 2003. Comprehensive Enzyme Kinetics. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New
York, NY, USA.

5.     Nelson, D.L and
M.M. Cox. 2017. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. 7th ed. Worth Publishers,
New York, NY, USA.

6.     
Voet, D., J. G.
Voet and C.W. Pratt. 2013. Fundamentals
of Biochemistry, Life at the Molecular Level. 4^th ed. John
Wiley & Sons. Inc. New York, NY, USA.

BIOCHEM-612                   WATER AND MINERAL METABOLISM                      3(3-0)

Course Contents

Theory

Water
intake, output, water balance; Different body fluid compartments; Electrolytes
and substances that affect fluid balance, Biochemistry of urine and lymphatic
fluids; Acid-base balance, physiological buffer systems and their significance;
Measurement of acid-base balance; Regulation of extracellular fluid composition
and volume; Abnormalities; Metabolic and respiratory acidosis and alkalosis;
Minerals: Definition, classification, their metabolism, absorption, excretion,
distribution, functions, deficiency and clinical manifestations; Interactions
of vitamins and minerals in general metabolism.

Suggested Readings

1.     
Ferrier, D. R. 2017. Biochemistry: Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews. 7^th ed.  Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
U.S.A.

2. Barret, K.E., S.M. Barman, S. Boitano and H. Brooks. 2012. Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology. 24^th ed. McGraw Hill. New York, NY, USA.

3.     Chatterjea, M. N. and R. Shinde. 2012. Textbook of Medical Biochemistry. 8^th ed (Indian edition). Jaypee Brothers, Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, New Delhi, India.

4.     Crook, M.A. 2012. Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolic Medicine. 8^th ed. Hodder Education, Hodder and Stoughton Ltd, a division of Hachette UK, 338 Euston Road, London.

5.     Murray, R.K., D.A.
Bender, K. M. Botham, P.J. Kennelly, V.W. Rodwell and P.A.Weil. 2012. Harper’s
Illustrated Biochemistry. 29^th ed. McGraw Hill. New York, NY, USA.

6.     
Nelson, D.L and
M.M. Cox. 2017. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. 6^7h ed. Worth
Publishers, New York, NY, USA.

BIOCHEM-614                     BIOCHEMISTRY OF VITAMINS              
                       3(3-0)

Course Contents

Theory

Definition, history and classification of vitamins; water soluble
vitamins; Vitamin B-complex and vitamin C: Sources, chemistry, requirements,
activation, metabolism, physiological functions, storage, excretion and
deficiency symptoms; Role of B-complex vitamins as co-enzymes in metabolism;
Interactions of B-complex vitamins, enzymes and minerals; Clinical significance
of water soluble vitamins; Fat soluble vitamins: Sources, chemistry,
requirements, metabolism, storage, excretion and biological functions; methods
of analysis and units of activity, Quasi-vitamins;
Hypervitaminosis; Vitamins as antioxidants; vitamins as precursors of hormones;
Intermeshing of various vitamins for cell economy; Good food choices: Meal
planning, eating at home and healthy snacks; Role of vitamins in digestive,
urinary, bone and skin health, body weight and related health concerns,
strategies for production of vitamins.

Suggested Readings

1.     
Voet, D., J. G.
Voet and C.W. Pratt. 2013. Fundamentals
of Biochemistry, Life at the Molecular Level. 4^th ed. John
Wiley & Sons. Inc. New York

2.     
Bender, D.A. 2003. Nutritional Biochemistry of the Vitamins. Cambridge
University Press, London, UK.

3.      Chatterjea, M. N. and R. Shinde. 2012.
Textbook of Medical Biochemistry. 8^th
Ed.
Jaypee Brothers, Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, New Delhi, India.

4.     
Combs, G.F.
2012.The Vitamins. Elsevier Inc., New York, USA.

5.     
Ferrier, D. R.
2017. Biochemistry: Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews. 7^th
Ed.  Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, New
York, U.S.A.

6.     
Murray, R.K., D.A.
Bender, K. M. Botham, P.J. Kennelly, V.W. Rodwell and P.A. Weil. 2015. Harper’s
Illustrated Biochemistry. 30^th Ed. McGraw Hill. New York, USA.

BIOCHEM-615                BIOMEMBRANES AND
CELL SIGNALING               3(3-0)

Course Contents

Theory

Introduction to biomembranes; chemical
composition, properties and structure of membranes; characterization of
biomembranes.  transmembrane proteins;
membrane junctions, receptor-ligand interactions; Protein-protein interactions;
interaction of proteins with other molecules; Membrane Transport
Mechanisms,  Resting Membrane Potential,
action potential.

Principles of cell signaling. Cell signaling
pathways and networks: Signaling through G-protein their activation and impact
on gene expression. Signaling through enzyme coupled receptors, Alternative
signaling routes in gene regulation, secondary
messengers; diacylglycerol, calcium, Cyclic AMP, Cyclic GMP, Inositol
3Phosphate; Neurotransmitters. Signaling in Plants and microorganisms.

Suggested Readings

1.     
Nelson, D.L. and
M.M. Cox. 2017. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. 7^th ed. WH
Freeman & Company, New York, USA.

2.     
Wilson, J. and T.
Hunt. 2015. Molecular Biology of the Cell; The problem book. 6^th
Edition Garland Science USA.

3.     
Lodish, H., C.A.
Kaiser, M. Krieger. M.P. Scott, A. Bretscher, H. Ploegh, & P. Matsudaira,
W.H. Freeman. 2016. Molecular Cell Biology. 8^th Edition. Macmillan
Publishers, W. H. Freeman USA

4.     
Berg, J.M., J.L.
Tymoczko & L. Stryer W.H. Freeman. 2011. Biochemistry. 7^th

edition.
Published by Macmillan Publishers, W. H. Freeman USA.

5.     
Alberts B., A.
Johnson, J. Lewis, M. Raff, K. Roberts & P. Walter. 2014. Molecular Biology
of the Cell. 6^th Editon. Taylor and Francis, Oxford UK.

6.     
Karp, G. 2009.
Cell and Molecular Biology; Concepts and Experiments. 6^th
Edition.  John Wiley &Sons USA.

BIOCHEM-616         BIOCHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS                 3(3-0)

Course Contents

Theory

Symptomlogy
and case histories of various diseases. Documentation and sample flow systems. Report Writing. Blood Preservation and
Transfusion, Major Blood Group Systems and Compatibility Testing, Adverse
Effects of Blood Transfusion, Donor Selection. Introduction to Hematology:
Hematopoiesis and Erythropoietin, RBC Indices, Red Cell Disorders, White Blood
Cells: Structure, Functions and Disorders. Hemostasis and Coagulation, Platelet
Structure and Function. Immunity: Nature and Functions of Antigens, Antibodies
and Cells. Urinalysis Automation, Body Fluids and Significance: Cerebrospinal
Fluid, Seminal, Synovial, Amniotic, Fecal, Feces, Pleural, Pericardial and
Peritoneal. Biochemistry of
interferons and interleukins. Diagnosis of Vitamins and Minerals. Immunochemical
and Radioisotopic assays used in Clinical
diagnosis of disease. LASER and its applications in health sciences.
Molecular Diagnostic Techniques: PCR based Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases.
Introduction to Forensic analysis: Crime
Laboratories and Units, Crime scene and Forensic services, DNA Finger
printing. Industrial/concerned organization Visit.

Suggested Readings

1.     
Bishop, M.L.,
P.F. Edward and L.E. Schoeff. 2009.
Clinical
Chemistry: Techniques, Principles, Correlations.
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Publishers, USA.

2.     
Zia, M.A. and K.
Rahman. 2017. Manual of Clinical Biochemistry. MAS Publishers, Faisalabad,
Pakistan.

3.     
Carr, J.H. and
B.F. Rodak. 2009. Clinical Hematology Atlas, Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.

4.     
Dacie, S.J. and S.M. Lewis. 1995. Practical Haematology, 7^th
ed. ELBS, UK.

5.     
Estridge, B.H. and
A.P. Reynolds. 2012. Basic Clinical Laboratory Techniques, 6^th ed. Albany,
NY: Delmar Publishers, Inc.

6.     
Hughes, J., A. Jefferson, J.A. Jefferson and J. Iredale. 2008.
Clinical Chemistry:
Made Easy. Elsevier Health Sciences, USA.

7.     
Luxton, R. 2008. Clinical Biochemistry. Scion Publications
Ltd., USA.

8.     
Strasinger, S.K.,
Di Lorenzo, M. Schaub. 2008. Urinalysis and Body Fluids. F.A. Davis, Philadelphia.

Course Contents

Theory

Viruses:
General features of viruses, viral architecture, classification, dissemination
and replication of single and double – stranded DNA/RNA viruses; Plant viral
taxonomy; Virus biology and virus transmission; Molecular biology of plant
virus transmission; Symptomatology of virus-infected plants: (External and
Internal symptoms); Metabolism of virus-infected plants; Resistance to viral
infection; Methods in molecular virology. Bacteria: History, characteristics
and classification; Evolutionary tendencies in Monera (Bacteria, actinomycetes
and cyanobacteria); Morphology, genetic recombination, locomotion and
reproduction in bacteria; Bacterial metabolism (respiration, fermentation,
photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation); Importance of bacteria with special
reference to application in various modern sciences specially agriculture,
biotechnology and genetic engineering; Symptoms and control of major bacterial
diseases in Pakistan; Plant microbe interaction

Practical

Viruses:
Observation of symptoms of some viral infected plant specimens; Bacteria,
Actinomycetes and Cyanobacteria: Methods of sterilization of glassware and
media etc; Preparation of nutrient medium and inoculation. Preparation of
slides for the study of various forms, capsule/slime layer, spores, flagella
and Gram-staining; Growth of bacteria, subculturing and identification of
bacteria on morphological and biochemical basis (using available techniques);
Microscopic study of representative genera of Actinomycetes and Cyanobacteria
from fresh collections and prepared slides.

Suggested Readings

1.     
Arora, D.R. 2004.
Textbook of Microbiology, CBS Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi, India.

2.     
Black, J.G. 2005
Microbiology – Principles and Exploration, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

3.     
Bouarab, K., N.
Brisson and F. Daayf. 2009. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions. MPG Books
Group, Bodmin, UK.

4.     
Hull R. Matthews,
2004, Plant Virology, Academic Press.

5.     
Keen, N.T. 2011.
Plant-Microbe Interactions Gary Stacey. Springer, London.

6.     
Prescott, L.M.,
J.P. Harley and D.A. Klein 2005. Microbiology McGraw-Hill NY, USA.

7.     
Tortora, G.J.,
B.R. Funke and C.L. Case. 2004, Microbiology. Pearson Education.

BIOCHEM-617         SPECIAL TOPICS IN BIOCHEMISTRY                                    3(3-0)

Course Contents

Theory

Recent
Advances in Enzymology, Clinical Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology,
Environmental Biochemistry, Biotechnology, Bioinformatics, Bioengineering,
Medical Biochemistry and OMICs etc.

Suggested
Readings:

1.     
Review Articles and Research Publications from various
Journals: Nature, Science, Cell, Annual Review of Biochemistry, Current Opinions
in Cell Biology, Genes and Development, Current Biology, Annual Reviews of Biomedical
Engineering, Current Bioinformatics, Genome etc.

BIOCHEM-618                     MOLECULAR BIOTECHNOLOGY                                3(3-0)

Course Contents

Theory

Properties
of DNA and enzymes, Gels, restriction enzymes and hybridization. Molecular
cloning, Cloning strategy, PCR. Genomic and cDNA libraries. Screening of
recombinant clones. Isolation and Characterizing genes, DNA sequencing. Probing
gene function, Expression of genes in plants, bacteria, yeast and eukaryotic
cells. Antibody and proteins for study of protein expression. Basic
Bioinformatics. Transgenic animals. Gene therapy. Biotechnology and vaccines.

Suggested
Readings:

1.     
Brown, T., 2016.
Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis. 7th Edition. Blackwell Scientific Publications,
Melbourne. ISBN-10 # 1119072565.

2.     
Primrose, S.B. and
R.M. Twyman. 2016. Principles of gene manipulation and genomics. 8th Edition.
Blackwell Scientific Publications, Melbourne. ISBN-10 # 140515666X.

3.     
Glick, B.R. and
J.J. Pasternack. 2003. Molecular Biotechnology. 3rd Edition. American Society
of Microbiology Press, Washington. ISBN-10 # 155581484.

4.     
Nelson,
D.L. and M.M. Cox. 2017. Principles of Biochemistry, 7th Edition,
Worth Publishers.

5.     
Karp, G. 2015.
Cell and molecular Biology, 8^th edition, Wiley Publishers. ISBN-10: 1118886143.

Biochem-620              SEMINAR                                                                                        1(1-0)

Biochem-621              TECHNICAL REPORT