Biochem-305

Biochem-305             Pharmaceutical Chemistry II B         4(3-1) 

Course Learning Outcomes

To understand the metabolic pathways and their bioenergetics, their catalysis by enzymes and regulation by different types of hormones and clinical importance of biochemical analysis in diagnosis of different diseases

Theory

 1.METABOLIC FATE OF BIOMOLECULES (Anabolism and Catabolism):

Carbohydrates: Brief introduction to the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, Aerobicand anaerobic breakdown of Glucose, Glycolysis, Pentose Phosphate Pathway, Glycogenolysis, Glycogenesis, Gluconeogenesis, Citric acid cycle, Energetics of various metabolic processes.

Lipids: Brief introduction to the digestion and absorption of lipids, Oxidation of fatty acids through β-oxidation, Biosynthesis of fatty acids, neutral lipids and cholesterol.

Proteins and Amino acids: Brief introduction to the digestion and absorption of proteins and amino acids, Metabolism of essential and non-essential amino acids, Biosynthesis and catabolism of Haemins and porphyrin compounds.

Bioenergetics: Principles of bioenergetics, Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation.

2. REGULATION OF METABOLIC PROCESSES: 

Role of Vitamins: Physiological role of Fat-soluble (A, D, E and K) and Water-soluble (Thiamine, Riboflavin, Pantothenic acid, Niacin, Pyridoxal phosphate, Biotin, Folic acid, Cyanocobalamin-members of B-complex family and Ascorbic acid), Coenzymes and their role in the regulation of metabolic processes. Receptor Mediated regulation (Hormones): Mechanism of action of hormones, Physiological
roles of various hormones, Site of synthesis and target sites of hormones. Secondary Messengers: Role of cAMP, Calcium ions and phosphoinositol in the regulation of metabolic processes. Gene Expression: Replication, Transcription and Translation (Gene expression) Introduction to Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Basic principles of Recombinant DNA technology, Pharmaceutical applications, Balance of Catabolic, Anabolic and amphibolic processes in human metabolism, Acid-Base and Electrolyte Balance in Human body.

3. INTRODUCTION TO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY:

Introduction and importance of the clinical chemistry. Laboratory tests in diagnosis of diseases including Uric acid, Cholesterol, Bilirubin and Creatinine.

 Practical

Estimation of glucose, total proteins and albumin by spectrophotometer, serum minerals, lipid profile (total lipids, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, etc). Clinical enzyme: Alanine amino transferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), alkaline phosphatase. Estimation of vitamin A and C. Units and reference values.

Suggested Readings:

1. Chatterjea, M.N. and R. Shinde, 2012. Textbook of Medical Biochemistry. 8^th Ed., Jaypee Brothers, Medical Publishers, New Dehli, India.
2. Ferrier, D. R. 2013. Biochemistry: Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews. 6^th ed.  Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. U.S.A.
3. Gowenlock, .H., J.R. McMurray and D.M. McLauchlan, 2006. Varley’s Practical Clinical Biochemistry, 6^th Ed., CBS Publishers and Distributors, New Dehli, India.
4. Murray, R.K., D.A. Bender, K. M. Botham, P.J. Kennelly, V.W. Rodwell and P.A.Weil.2012. Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry. 29^th ed. McGraw Hill. New York, U.S.A.
5. Sood, R., 2005. Medical Laboratory Technology: Methods and Interpretations. 5^th Ed., Jaypee Brothers, Medical Publishers Ltd., New Delhi, India.
6. Voet, D., Voet, J.G and C.W. Pratt. 2013. Fundamentals of Biochemistry, Life at the Molecular Level. 4^th ed. John Wiley & Sons. Inc. New
   York, U.S.A.
7.   Ali, M. et al., Experimental Biochemistry and Biotechnology (Series I), 2019, 2nd edition, ISBN: 978-969-23317-1-5
8. Ali, M. et al., Experimental Biochemistry and Biotechnology (Series II), 2019. 1st edition, ISBN: 978-969-23317-2-2.
9. Ali, M. et al., Experimental Biochemistry and Biotechnology (Series III), 2023, 1st edition, ISBN: 978-969-23317-6-0 4