Biochem-302

Biochem-302             BASIC BIOCHEMISTRY          3(2-1) 

Course Learning Outcomes

To impart basic knowledge of chemical composition, properties and functions of water, cell membranes, biological macromolecules and enzymes. To familiarize the students with practical skills involved in carbohydrate, protein and fat analysis and their characterization.

Theory

Introduction to Biochemistry, Properties and functions of water, pH, buffers, biological buffers, Henderson-Hasselbalch equation,
Respiratory and renal acid base balance. Biomemebrane; Structure, functions, mechanism of transport, passive and active transport, osmosis. Introduction to Carbohydrates and their classification; monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. Glycosidic linkage, stereoisomerism, optical activity, specific rotation and mutarotation, Cyclic forms of monosaccharides. Introduction to proteins, classification of amino acids and Peptide linkage, Physiological significance, amphoteric properties, Isoelectric pH, Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary structure of proteins, Classification of proteins; simple and conjugated proteins, Functions of proteins, introduction
to Enzymes, general characteristics, Enzyme activity, specific activity, turns over number. Chemical nature and difference with non-biological catalysts, Michaelis Menten equation, Importance of K_m and Vmax, Classification of enzymes, Co-enzymes, Clinical importance of enzymes, Factors affecting enzymes activity, inhibition. Introduction to lipids, Classification of lipids, fatty acids: saturated, unsaturated & essential fatty acids, Physical and Chemical properties of fatty acids and triglycerides, Steroids, sterols, cholesterol and prostaglandins and their physiological role, Introduction to nucleic acids, Chemical composition and structures of DNA and RNA, Functions of DNA and RNA, Central dogma and its significance.

 Practical

Preparation of solution of different normalities and molarities, preparation of buffers of definite pH, Determination of pH values of biological fluids, To demonstrate practical application of Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. Qualitative analysis of carbohydrates in the given solution (Molisch’s test, Iodine test, Ammonium sulphate test, Lead acetate test, Barfoed’s test, Benedict’s test, Fehling’s test, Pholoroglucinol test and Seliwanoff’s test), Cole’s test, Phenyl Hydrazine test, Identification scheme for carbohydrates, Hydrolysis of Sucrose and Starch, To detect the presence of protein in the given solution by Biuret test, Heat Coagulation test and Salt Saturation tests, Isoelectric precipitation of Casein, To demonstrate that Lipids do not wet paper and they are greasy in nature) by Grease spot test, To demonstrate the solubility of the given Lipid in various cold and hot solvents, To demonstrate the emulsification of Neutral Fat in water and solutions of Sodium Carbonate, Soap and Bile Salt, To determine Cholesterol in the biological fluid (Salkowiski’s Reaction).

Suggested Readings:

1. Nelson, D.L. and M.M. Cox. 2017. Principles of Biochemistry, 7^th Edition, Worth Publishers.
2. Boyer, R.F. 2014. Modern Experimental Biochemistry. 3^rd Edition. The Benjamin / Cummings Publishing Co., USA
3. Stryer, L. 2012. Biochemistry, 7^th Edition, W. H. Freeman and Co. Lab Manual in Biochemistry, Immunology and
   Biotechnology, Arti Nigram, Archana Ayyagari. Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi.
4.  Murray, R., D. Bender, K.M. Botham, P.J. Kennelly, V. Rodwell and P.A. Weil. 2015. Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry, 30^th edition. The McGraw-Hill companies Inc. USA. ISBN-10: 0071825347
5. Voet, D. and J.G. Voet. 2010. Biochemistry 4^th Edition John Wiley & Sons. USA. ISBN-10: 0470917458
6. Karp, G. 2015. Cell and molecular Biology, 8^th edition, Wiley Publishers. ISBN-10: 1118886143.BASIC
7. Ali, M. et al., Experimental Biochemistry and Biotechnology (Series I), 2023, 3rd  edition, ISBN: 978-969-7502-04-1.
8. Ali, M. et al., Experimental Biochemistry and Biotechnology (Series II), 2023. 2^nd edition, ISBN: 978-969-7502-05-8.
9. Ali, M. et al., Experimental Biochemistry and Biotechnology (Series III), 2024, 1^st edition, ISBN: 978-969-7502-06-5.